2050W Demolition Hammer Kit ,
Look up snap in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Snap or SNAP may refer to any of the following:
Contents
1 Science/Technology/Engineering
2 Culture/Sport/Games
3 Places
4 Other
//
Science/Technology/Engineering
S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, a biochemical reagent
SNAP-25, in molecular biology, Synaptosome Associated Protein of 25kDa, which interacts with SNARE (SNAP REceptor) in membrane fusion events
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), current name for the United States Food Stamp Program
Snap (physics), the fourth time-derivative of position
Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP), for distinguishing protocols running atop the IEEE 802.2 layer
Systems Nuclear Auxiliary Power Program (or System for Nuclear Auxiliary Power), a radioisotope thermoelectric generator
Supernova/Acceleration Probe, a proposed satellite observatory
Snap Server, a network attached storage (NAS) appliance currently sold by Overland
Scalable Network Application Package, also known as SNAP Mobile, Nokia's online gaming platform
SNAP (software) (Symbolic Network Analysis Program), a symbolic circuit simulator
ITK-SNAP, a software application for medical image segmentation
Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP), a personality questionnaire developed by Lee Anna Clark
Snap (computer graphics) is an option which allows objects to be easily positioned in alignment with grid lines, guide lines or other objects, by causing them to automatically jump to an exact position when they are moved to within some distance of that position
Culture/Sport/Games
Snaps In Scandinavian languages, a small shot of a strong alcoholic beverage
Snap, the nickname of Primus bass player Les Claypool
Pokmon Snap
Snap (Pillow Pal), a Pillow Pal turtle made by Ty, Inc.
Snap (card game), a card game
Snap (football), an action that starts each play in American football
Snap music, an Atlanta-based hip-hop subgenre
Snap (dance move)
Snap! (The Jam album)
Snap!, an electronic music group
Snap (TV series), a 1990s children's television series, shown on CITV
Places
Snap, Wiltshire, England, a deserted village
Other
Snap (fingers), snapping one fingers
Snap of Snap, Crackle and Pop, the three mascots of Rice Krispies
Snap fastener, a term for a special type of fastener on a piece of clothing
Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests
Sarawak National Party, a political party in Sarawak, Malaysia
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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Content
Snap for diagnostic car tool
Barium chlorate for barium carbonate
worm/screen centrifuge ,
Barium chlorate
Other names
Chloric acid barium salt
Identifiers
CAS number
[13477-00-4]
Properties
Molecular formula
Ba(ClO3)2
Molar mass
304.23 g/mol
Appearance
white solid
Density
3.18 g/cm3, solid
Melting point
414 C
Solubility in water
27.5 g/ml (20 C)
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references
Barium chlorate is a white crystalline solid. It is an irritant, and if consumed can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. It is used in pyrotechnics to produce a green colour.
Synthesis
Barium chlorate can be produced through a double displacement reaction of barium chloride and sodium chlorate.
BaCl2 + 2 NaClO3 Ba(ClO3)2 + 2 NaCl
It can also be produced through a more complicated non-electrolytic process.
BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2 NaCl or BaCl2 + 2 NaHCO3 BaCO3 + 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2 In this step barium carbonate is produced, which will be used later.
C4H6O6 + NH4OH NH4C4H5O6 + H2O in this step ammonium bitartrate is produced.
NH4C4H5O6 + KClO3 KC4H5O6 + NH4ClO3 in this step, the ammonium bitartrate is added to potassium chlorate, which produces potassium bitartrate, but more importantly, ammonium chlorate.
2 NH4ClO3 + BaCO3 + Q Ba(ClO3)2 + 2 NH3 + H2O + CO2 in this step, the ammonium chlorate is added to the barium carbonate and boiled, to produce barium chlorate.
References
^ Perigrin, Tom. "Barium Chlorate". Geocities. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/5361/chlorate/barium.html. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
External links
Barium Chlorate
v d e
Barium compounds
BaBr2 | BaCO3 | BaC2O4 | Ba(ClO3)2 | BaCl2 | BaCrO4 | BaF2 | BaFeO4 | BaFe2O4 | BaI2 | Ba(NO3)2 | BaO | BaO2 | Ba(OH)2 | BaS | BaSO4 | BaTiO3
This inorganic compound-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Barium compounds | Inorganic compounds | Chlorates | Pyrotechnic oxidizers | Pyrotechnic colorants | Inorganic compound stubsHidden categories: Chemical pages needing a structure drawing
Potassium hydroxide for potassium carbonate
Chemical Equipments ,
Potassium hydroxide
IUPAC name
Potassium hydroxide
Other names
Caustic potash
Potash lye
Potassia
Potassium hydrate
Identifiers
CAS number
[1310-58-3]
PubChem
6093213
EC number
215-181-3
UN number
1813
RTECS number
TT2100000
ChemSpider ID
14113
Properties
Molecular formula
KOH
Molar mass
56.1056 g/mol
Appearance
white solid, deliquescent
Density
2.044 g/cm3
Melting point
420 C
Boiling point
1327 C
Solubility in water
110 g/100 mL (25 C)
178 g/100 mL (100 C)
Solubility
soluble in alcohol, glycerol
insoluble in ether, liquid ammonia
Acidity (pKa)
13.5 (0.1 M)
Refractive index (nD)
1.409
Structure
Crystal structure
monoclinic
Coordination
geometry
rhombohedral
Hazards
MSDS
ICSC 0357
EU Index
019-002-00-8
EU classification
Corrosive (C)
Harmful (Xn)
R-phrases
R22, R35
S-phrases
(S1/2), S26, S36/37/39, S45
NFPA 704
0
3
1
Flash point
Non-flammable
LD50
273 mg/kg
Related compounds
Other anions
Potassium hydrosulfide
Potassium amide
Other cations
Lithium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide
Rubidium hydroxide
Caesium hydroxide
Related compounds
Potassium oxide
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references
Potassium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula KOH. Along with sodium hydroxide, this colourless solid is a prototypical "strong base". It has many industrial and niche applications. Most applications exploit its reactivity toward acids and its corrosive nature. In 2005, an estimated 700,000 to 800,000 tons were produced. Approximately 100 times more NaOH than KOH is produced annually. KOH is noteworthy as the precursor to most soft and liquid soaps as well as numerous potassium-containing chemicals.
Contents
1 Properties and structure
1.1 Structure
1.2 Solubility and desiccating properties
1.3 Thermal stability
2 Reactions
2.1 As a base
2.2 As a nucleophile in organic chemistry
2.3 Reactions with inorganic compounds
3 Manufacture
4 Uses
4.1 Precursor to other potassium compounds
4.2 Manufacture of biodiesel
4.3 Manufacture of soft soaps
4.4 As an electrolyte
4.5 Niche applications
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
//
Properties and structure
Potassium hydroxide is usually sold as translucent pellets, which will become tacky in air because KOH is hygroscopic. Consequently, KOH characteristically contains varying amounts of water (as well as carbonates, see below). Its dissolution in water is strongly exothermic, meaning the process gives off significant heat. Concentrated aqueous solutions are sometimes called potassium lyes.
Structure
At higher temperatures, solid KOH crystallizes in the NaCl motif. The OH group is either rapidly or randomly disordered so that the OH- group is effectively a spherical anion of radius 1.53 (between Cl- and F- in size). At room temperature the OH- groups are ordered and the environment about the K+ centers is distorted with K+---OH- distances ranging from 2.69 to 3.15 , depending on the orientation of the OH group. KOH forms a series of crystalline hydrates, namely the monohydrate KOHH2O, the dihydrate KOH2H2O, and the tetrahydrate KOH4H2O.
Solubility and desiccating properties
Approximately 121 g of KOH will dissolve in 100 mL of water at room temperature (compared with 100 g of NaOH in the same volume). Lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and propanols are also excellent solvents. The solubility in ethanol is about 40 g KOH/100 mL.
Because of its high affinity for water, KOH serves as a desiccant in the laboratory. It is often used to dry basic solvents, especially amines and pyridines: distillation of these basic liquids from a slurry of KOH yields the anhydrous reagent.
Thermal stability
Like NaOH, KOH exhibits high thermal stability. The gaseous species is dimeric. Even at high temperatures, dehydration does not occur. Because of its high stability and relatively low melting point, it is often melt-cast as pellets or rods, forms that have low surface area and convenient handling properties.
Reactions
As a base
KOH is highly basic, forming strongly alkali solutions in water and other polar solvents. These solutions are capable of deprotonating many acids, even weak ones. In analytical chemistry, titratons using solutions of KOH are used to assay acids.
As a nucleophile in organic chemistry
KOH, like NaOH, serves as a source of OH-, a highly nucleophilic anion that attacks polar bonds in both inorganic and organic materials. In perhaps its most well-known reaction, aqueous KOH saponifies esters:
KOH + RCO2R RCO2K + RH
When R is a long chain, the product is called a potassium soap. This reaction is manifested by the reasy feel that KOH gives when touched fats on the skin are rapidly converted to soap and glycerol.
Molten KOH is used to displace halides and other leaving groups. The reaction is especially useful for aromatic reagents to give the corresponding phenols.
Reactions with inorganic compounds
Complementary to its reactivity toward acids, KOH attacks anhydrides, defined in the broadest sense. Thus, SiO2 and CO2 are attacked by KOH to give the silicates and bicarbonate, respectively:
KOH + CO2 KHCO3
Manufacture
Historically KOH was made by boiling a solution of potassium carbonate (potash) with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), leading to a metathesis reaction which caused calcium carbonate to precipitate, leaving potassium hydroxide in solution:
Ca(OH)2 + K2CO3 CaCO3 + 2 KOH
Filtering off the precipitated calcium carbonate and boiling down the solution gives potassium hydroxide ("calcinated or caustic potash"). This method was used potash extracted from wood ashes using slaked lime. It was the most important method of producing potassium hydroxide until the late 19th century, when it was largely replaced by the modern method of electrolysis of potassium chloride solutions, analogous to the method of manufacturing sodium hydroxide (see chloralkali process):
2 KCl + 2 H2O 2 KOH + Cl2 + H2
Hydrogen gas forms as a by-product on the cathode; concurrently, an anodic oxidation of the chloride ion takes place, forming chlorine gas as a byproduct. Separation of the anodic and cathodic spaces in the electrolysis cell is essential for this process.
Uses
See also: Sodium hydroxide
KOH and NaOH can be used interchangeably for a number of applications, although in industry, NaOH is preferred because of its lower cost.
Precursor to other potassium compounds
Many radium salts are prepared by neutralization reactions involving KOH. The potassium salts of carbonate, cyanide, permanganate, phosphate, and various silicates are prepared by treating either the oxides or the acids with KOH. The high solubility of potassium phosphate is desirable in fertilizers.
Manufacture of biodiesel
Although more expensive than using sodium hydroxide, KOH works well in the manufacture of biodiesel by saponification of the fats in vegetable oil. Glycerin from potassium hydroxide-processed biodiesel is useful as an inexpensive food supplement for livestock, once the toxic methanol is removed.
Manufacture of soft soaps
The saponification of fats with KOH is used to prepare the corresponding "potassium soaps," which are softer than the more common sodium hydroxide-derived soaps. Because of their softness and greater solubility, potassium soaps require less water to liquefy, and can thus contain more cleaning agent than liquefied sodium soaps.
As an electrolyte
Aqueous potassium hydroxide is employed as the electrolyte in alkaline batteries based on nickel-cadmium and manganese dioxide-zinc. Potassium hydroxide is preferred over sodium hydroxide because its solutions are more conductive.
Niche applications
KOH attracts numerous specialized applications, which virtually all rely on its basic or degradative properties. KOH is widely used in the laboratory for the same purposes. In chemical synthesis, the selection of KOH vs. NaOH is guided by the solubility for the resulting salt. Its corrosive properties make it useful as an ingredient in cleaning and disinfection of resistant surfaces and materials. It is often the main active ingredient in chemical "cuticle removers." KOH is also widely used as a way to remove hair from animal hides, leaving the hides in a solution of KOH and water for a few days.
See also
Soda lime
References
^ a b H. Schultz, G. Bauer, E. Schachl, F. Hagedorn, P. Schmittinger otassium Compounds in Ullmann Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22 039
^ "Caustic Potash." Oxy.com Retrieved on January 24, 2008.
^ "Potassium Hydroxide." MSDS Retrieved on January 24
^ Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
^ W. W. Hartman. "p-Cresol". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 1: 175.
^ Rmpp Chemie-Lexikon, 9th Ed. (in german)
^ http://www.utahbiodieselsupply.com/chemicals.php#KOH
^...
Twin carbon arc welding for carbon welding
Heat Resistant Steel Electrode (HG-HRSE) ,
The introduction to this article provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject. Please help improve the article with a good introductory style.
This needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2006)
Unlike single carbon arc welding, in twin carbon arc welding the arc is maintained between two carbon electrodes held in a special holder. Current is switched on and by operating the mechanism of arc length adjustment the two electrodes are brought closer. The two electrodes touch momentarily, then separate and thus an arc is established.
The size of the arc depends upon the distance between the electrode tips, electrode diameters and the welding current. The heat input to the job can be varied by changing the arc size or the distance between the arc and workpiece. After striking the arc, welding can be carried out in the same way as in TIG welding process.
An AC supply is recommended for twin carbon arc welding. In case a DC supply is used, the positive electrode will disintegrate and consume at a much faster rate as compared to negative electrode, because two-thirds of the total heat is generated at the positive pole. This will produce an unstable arc and require frequent adjustment of the electrodes. In AC welding, because of alternate reversals of polarity, both the electrodes will be affected equally and present no problem.
The electrodes employed for twin carbon arc welding are approximately of the same diameter as the workpiece thickness. The magnitude of arc current required for welding depends upon both electrode diameter and plate thickness. For example, an 8 mm diameter electrode will need about 65 amps to weld a mild steel sheet of thickness 3.5 mm and 80 Amps to weld a sheet of 6 mm thickness.
Twin carbon arc welding, though more complex than single carbon arc welding, possesses the advantage that arc is independent of the job and can be moved anywhere without getting extinguished. Moreover, the workpiece is not a part of the electrical circuit.
External links
http://www.fortunecity.com/village/lind/247/weld_book/Ch6.htm
Categories: Arc weldingHidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing context | Wikipedia introduction cleanup | Articles needing additional references from June 2006
Phase for amplifier capacitors
model toy,model puzzle,toy plane,plane model,wooden block,kids block,assembling toy,diy toy,wood crafts,structural game,wood toy ,
Look up phase in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Contents
1 In science
1.1 In physics
1.2 In other sciences
2 In entertainment
3 Other uses
4 See also
//
Phase or phases may refer to:
In science
In physics
Phase (matter), a physically distinctive form of a substance, such as the solid, liquid, and gaseous states of ordinary matter
Phase transition is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another
Phase (waves), the initial angle of a sinusoidal function at its origin
Polyphase system, a means of distributing alternating current electric power in multiple conducting wires with definite phase offsets
Single-phase electric power
Three-phase electric power
Three-phase, the mathematics of three-phase electric power
Phase problem, the loss of information (the phase) from a physical measurement
Phase factor, a complex scalar used in quantum mechanics
Continuous Fourier transform, the angle of a complex coefficient representing the phase of one sinusoidal component
Instantaneous phase, generalization for both cyclic and non-cyclic phenomena
In other sciences
Archaeological phase, a discrete period of occupation at an archaeological site
Lunar phase, the appearance of the Moon as viewed from the Earth
Planetary phase, the appearance of the illuminated section of a planet
Phase, in biology, a part of the cell cycle in which cells divide and reproduce
In entertainment
"Phases" (Buffy episode), an episode of the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Phases (.hack), fictional monsters in the .hack franchise
Phase IV, a 1974 science fiction movie directed by Saul Bass
Phase, an incarnation of the DC Comics character usually known as Phantom Girl
Other uses
Phase (syntax), a syntactic domain hypothesized by Noam Chomsky
Phase 10, a card game created by Fundex Games
Phase (game), a music game for the iPod developed by Harmonix Music Systems
Phase (combat) usually a period of combat within a larger military operation
A musical composition using Steve Reich's phasing technique
See also
Phasing (disambiguation)
Faze
Phaser
Phasor
FASOR
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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Fuel injection
Micrometer counter ,
Objectives
The functional objectives for fuel injection systems can vary. All share the central task of supplying fuel to the combustion process, but it is a design decision how a particular system will be optimized. There are several competing objectives such as:
power output
fuel efficiency
emissions performanc , oil temperature gauges .
ability to accommodate alternative fuel , outdoor digital thermometers .
reliabilit , fiber optic meter .
driveability and smooth operatio , humidity indicator card .
initial cost
maintenance cost
diagnostic capability
range of environmental operation
Certain combinations of these goals are conflicting, and it is impractical for a single engine control system to fully optimize all criteria simultaneously. In practice, automotive engineers strive to best satisfy a customer's needs competitively. The modern digital electronic fuel injection system is far more capable at optimizing these competing objectives consistently than a carburetor. Carburetors have the potential to atomize fuel better (see Pogue and Allen Caggiano patents).
Benefits
Engine operation
Operational benefits to the driver of a fuel-injected car include smoother and more dependable engine response during quick throttle transitions, easier and more dependable engine starting, better operation at extremely high or low ambient temperatures, increased maintenance intervals, and increased fuel efficiency. On a more basic level, fuel injection does away with the choke which on carburetor-equipped vehicles must be operated when starting the engine from cold and then adjusted as the engine warms up.
An engine's air/fuel ratio must be precisely controlled under all operating conditions to achieve the desired engine performance, emissions, driveability, and fuel economy. Modern electronic fuel-injection systems meter fuel very accurately, and use closed loop fuel-injection quantity-control based on a variety of feedback signals from an oxygen sensor, a mass airflow (MAF) or manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor, a throttle position (TPS), and at least one sensor on the crankshaft and/or camshaft(s) to monitor the engine's rotational position. Fuel injection systems can react rapidly to changing inputs such as sudden throttle movements, and control the amount of fuel injected to match the engine's dynamic needs across a wide range of operating conditions such as engine load, ambient air temperature, engine temperature, fuel octane level, and atmospheric pressure.
A multipoint fuel injection system generally delivers a more accurate and equal mass of fuel to each cylinder than can a carburetor, thus improving the cylinder-to-cylinder distribution. Exhaust emissions are cleaner because the more precise and accurate fuel metering reduces the concentration of toxic combustion byproducts leaving the engine, and because exhaust cleanup devices such as the catalytic converter can be optimized to operate more efficiently since the exhaust is of consistent and predictable composition.
Fuel injection generally increases engine fuel efficiency. With the improved cylinder-to-cylinder fuel distribution, less fuel is needed for the same power output. When cylinder-to-cylinder distribution is less than ideal, as is always the case to some degree with a carburetor or throttle body fuel injection, some cylinders receive excess fuel as a side effect of ensuring that all cylinders receive sufficient fuel. Power output is asymmetrical with respect to air/fuel ratio; burning extra fuel in the rich cylinders does not reduce power nearly as quickly as burning too little fuel in the lean cylinders. However, rich-running cylinders are undesirable from the standpoint of exhaust emissions, fuel efficiency, engine wear, and engine oil contamination. Deviations from perfect air/fuel distribution, however subtle, affect the emissions, by not letting the combustion events be at the chemically ideal (stoichiometric) air/fuel ratio. Grosser distribution problems eventually begin to reduce efficiency, and the grossest distribution issues finally affect power. Increasingly poorer air/fuel distribution affects emissions, efficiency, and power, in that order. By optimizing the homogeneity of cylinder-to-cylinder mixture distribution, all the cylinders approach their maximum power potential and the engine's overall power output improves.
A fuel-injected engine often produces more power than an equivalent carbureted engine. Fuel injection alone does not necessarily increase an engine's maximum potential output. Increased airflow is needed to burn more fuel, which in turn releases more energy and produces more power. The combustion process converts the fuel's chemical energy into heat energy, whether the fuel is supplied by fuel injectors or a carburetor. However, airflow is often improved with fuel injection, the components of which allow more design freedom to improve the air's path into the engine. In contrast, a carburetor's mounting options are limited because it is larger, it must be carefully oriented with respect to gravity, and it must be equidistant from each of the engine's cylinders to the maximum practicable degree. These design constraints generally compromise airflow into the engine. Furthermore, a carburetor relies on a restrictive venturi to create a local air pressure difference, which forces the fuel into the air stream. The flow loss caused by the venturi, however, is small compared to other flow losses in the induction system. In a well-designed carburetor induction system, the venturi is not a significant airflow restriction.
Fuel is saved while the car is coasting because the car's movement is helping to keep the engine rotating, so less fuel is used for this purpose. Control units on modern cars react to this and reduce or stop fuel flow to the engine reducing wear on the brakes.
History and development
Herbert Akroyd Stuart developed the first system laid out on modern lines (with a highly-accurate 'jerk pump' to meter out fuel oil at high pressure to an injector. This system was used on the hot bulb engine and was adapted and improved by Robert Bosch for use on diesel engines - Rudolf Diesel's original system employed a cumbersome[citation needed] 'air-blast' system using highly compressed air.[clarification needed]
The first use of direct gasoline injection was on the Hesselman engine invented by Swedish engineer Jonas Hesselman in 1925. Hesselman engines use the ultra lean burn principle; fuel is injected toward the end of the compression stroke, then ignited with a spark plug. They are often started on gasoline and then switched to diesel or kerosene.[citation needed] Fuel injection was in widespread commercial use in diesel engines by the mid-1920s. Because of its greater immunity to wildly changing g-forces on the engine, the concept was adapted for use in gasoline-powered aircraft during World War II, and direct injection was employed in some notable designs like the Daimler-Benz DB 603, the BMW 801, the Shvetsov ASh-82FN (M-82FN) and later versions of the Wright R-3350 used in the B-29 Superfortress.
Alfa Romeo tested one of the very first electric injection systems (Caproni-Fuscaldo) in Alfa Romeo 6C2500 with "Ala spessa" body in 1940 Mille Miglia. The engine had six electrically operated injectors and were fed by a semi-high pressure circulating fuel pump system.
One of the first commercial gasoline injection systems was a mechanical system developed by Bosch and introduced in 1955 on the Mercedes-Benz 300SL. This was basically a high pressure diesel direct-injection pump with an intake throttle valve set up. (Diesels only change amount of fuel injected to vary output; there is no throttle.) This system used a normal gasoline fuel pump, to provide fuel to a mechanically driven injection pump, which had separate plungers per injector to deliver a very high injection pressure directly into the combustion chamber. When combined with Desmo valves in racing the 300 SL was capable of over 100 horsepower per liter, still better than what's commonly possible today without a turbo.
Another mechanical system, also by Bosch, (CIS) but injecting the fuel into the port above the intake valve was later used by Porsche from 1969 until 1973 for the 911 production range in the USA and until 1975 on the Carrera RS 2.7 and RS 3.0 street models in Europe. Porsche continued using it on its racing cars into the late seventies and early eighties. Porsche racing variants such as the 911 RSR 2.7 & 3.0, 904/6, 906, 907, 908, 910, 917 (in its regular normally aspirated or 5.5 Liter/1500 HP Turbocharged form), and 935 all used Bosch or Kugelfischer built variants of injection. The Kugelfischer system was also used by the BMW 2000/2002 Tii and some versions of the Peugeot 404/504 and Lancia Flavia. Lucas also offered a mechanical system which was used by some Maserati, Aston Martin and Triumph models between ca. 1963 and 1973. The first factory electronic fuel injection, a true multi-point system, with dual 2-bbl. throttles, was optional on 1958 Chrysler products, both Hemi and wedge engines. It was jointly engineered by Chrysler and Bendix.
A system similar to the Bosch inline mechanical pump was built by SPICA for Alfa Romeo, used on the Alfa Romeo Montreal and on US market 1750 and 2000 models from 1969 until 1981. This was specifically designed to meet the US emission requirements, and allowed Alfa to meet these requirements with no loss in performance and a reduction in fuel consumption.
Chevrolet introduced a...
Hatchery
Mobile Phone,Motorola RAZR V3 V3i,Cell,K1,V6 V8,Z6,Z8 ,
Fish hatcheries
Main article: Fish hatchery
Stripping eggs
Fish hatcheries are used to cultivate and breed a large number of fish in an enclosed environment. Fish farms use hatcheries to cultivate fish to sell for food, or ornamental purposes, eliminating the need to find the fish in the wild and even providing some species outside of their natural season. They raise the fish until they are ready to be eaten or sold to aquarium stores. Other hatcheries release the juvenile fish into a river, lake or the ocean to support commercial, tribal, or recreational fishing or to supplement the natural numbers of threatened or endangered species, a practice known as fish stocking.
Researchers have raised concerns about hatchery fish potentially breeding with wild fish. Hatchery fish may in some cases compete with wild fish. In the United States and Canada, there have been several salmon and steelhead hatchery reform projects intended to reduce the possibility of negative impacts from hatchery programs. Most salmon and steelhead hatcheries are managed better and follow up to date management practices to ensure any risks are minimized.
Poultry hatcheries
Poultry hatcheries produce a majority of the birds consumed in the developed world including chickens, turkeys, ducks and some other minor bird species that are consumed. It is a multi billion dollar industry with highly regimented production systems used to maximize bird size verse feed consumed. Birds are produced and maintained under high density which makes production and harvesting more economical but can also generate problems such as the spread of pathogens, which can move very quickly through the population when animal densities are high , remote control egg .
Poultry generally start with artificially inseminated birds that lay eggs, the eggs are cleaned and shells are checked for soundness before putting them in the incubators. The incubators control temperature and humidity and turn the eggs until they hatch. Generally large numbers are produced at one time so that the resulting birds are uniform in size and can be harvested at the same time. Once the eggs hatch and the chicks are a few days old they are often beak-trimmed and or toe-clipped, this involves the removal of half of the top beak and the clipping of the toe ends. This is done to prevent the birds from harming each other while they are living in close proximity to each other. After these procedures they are moved to enclosed buildings to be raised until harvest , incubator for eggs .
See als , melt indexer .
Endangered specie , samsung air conditioners .
Minimum viable population
Inbreeding depression
Oystering machinery
References
^ Genetics and the Extinction of Species, Laura F. Landweber and Andrew P. Dobson eds., Princeton University Press (1999)
External links
Hatcheries and the Protection of Wild Salmon
University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections -- Digital Collections -- Fish Hatcheries An ongoing digital collection of images related to fish hatcheries.
- Links to hatchery reform projects
Categories: Poultry farming | Industrial agricultureHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from June 2007 | All articles lacking sources
New England Hurricane of 1938
Table Tops ,
Meteorological history
Storm path
The storm formed as a Cape Verde-type hurricane in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It reached Category 5 status east of the Bahamas around September 20 before turning northward.
This storm was extremely unusual in that its forward speed approached 70 mph (110 km/h). The unusual rapid movement allowed the hurricane to travel far to the north before it had a chance to weaken over cooler waters and earned it the nickname "Long Island Express."
The hurricane was forecast by the U.S. National Weather Service to curve out into the Atlantic Ocean but instead continued almost due north. It made landfall in Suffolk County on Long Island, New York on September 21, 1938 as a strong Category 3 hurricane on the present-day Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale with a central pressure of 946 mbar (hPa). It then traveled across Long Island Sound into Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, and finally into Canada while still moving at an unusually high speed , glass desk furniture .
The hurricane hit Long Island around 3:30 p.m., which was just a few hours before astronomical high tide. At this time the eye was about 50 miles (80 km) across and the hurricane was about 500 miles (800 km) wide , wooden dining table .
Impac , quality wood furniture .
Costliest U.S. Atlantic hurricane , traditional leather sofa .
Total estimated property damage, adjusted for wealth normalization
Rank
Hurricane
Season
Cost (2005 USD)
1
iami
1926
$157 billion
2
alveston
1900
$99.4 billion
3
Katrina
2005
$81.0 billion
4
alveston
1915
$68.0 billion
5
Andrew
1992
$55.8 billion
6
ew England
1938
$39.2 billion
7
ubalorida
1944
$38.7 billion
8
keechobee
1928
$33.6 billion
9
Donna
1960
$26.8 billion
10
Camille
1969
$21.2 billion
Main article: List of costliest Atlantic hurricanes
Rainfall from Long Island Express Hurricane
The majority of the storm damage was from storm surge and wind. Damage is estimated at $6 billion (2004 USD), making it among the most costly hurricanes to strike the U.S. mainland. It is estimated that if an identical hurricane struck today it would cause $39.2 billion (2005 USD) in damage.
Approximately 600 people died in the storm in New England, most in Rhode Island, and up to 100 people elsewhere in the path of the storm. An additional 708 people were reported injured.
In total, 4,500 cottages, farms, and other homes were reported destroyed. An additional 25,000 homes were damaged. Other damages included 26,000 automobiles destroyed, and 20,000 electrical poles toppled. The hurricane also devastated the forests of the Northeast, knocking down an estimated 2 billion trees in New York and New England. Freshwater flooding was minimal, however, as the quick passage of the storm decreased local rainfall totals, with only a few small areas receiving over 10 inches (250 mm) of rain.
New York
New York City caught the western edge of the hurricane. Winds up to 75 mph blew throughout Manhattan causing the East River to flow three blocks inland. Power was lost throughout the entire city. Brooklyn, Queens, and Nassau Counties, located on the western end of Long Island, were hammered with stronger hurricane force winds in excess of 100 mph but survived the worst wrath of the storm surge due to being on the storm's weaker west side.
Eastern Long Island suffered the worst wrath of the storm. The Dune Road area of Westhampton Beach, was obliterated resulting in 29 deaths. A cinema at Westhampton was also lifted out to sea: around 20 people at a matinee, and the theater projectionist and all landed two miles (3 km) into the Atlantic and drowned. There were 21 other deaths through the rest of the east end of Long Island. The storm surge temporarily turned Montauk into an island as it flooded across the South Fork at Napeague and obliterated the tracks of the Long Island Rail Road.
The surge rearranged the sand at the Cedar Point Lighthouse so that the island became connected to what is now Cedar Point County Park. The surging water created the present-day Shinnecock Inlet by carving out a large section of barrier island separating Shinnecock Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. The storm toppled the landmark steeple of the tallest building in Sag Harbor the Old Whaler's Church. The steeple has not been rebuilt. Wading River suffered substantial damage.
In Greenport, on the North Fork of Long Island, the storm blew down the movie theatre located on Front Street.
Rhode Island
Damage in Island Park, Rhode Island
The storm surge hit Westerly, Rhode Island at 3:50 p.m. EDT, resulting in 100 deaths there alone.
The tide was even higher than usual because of the Autumnal Equinox and full moon. The hurricane produced storm tides of 14 to 18 feet (5 m) across most of the Long Island and Connecticut coast, with 18- to 25-foot (8 m) tides from New London east to Cape Cod. The storm surge was especially violent along the Rhode Island shore, sweeping hundreds of summer cottages out to sea. As the surge drove northward through Narragansett Bay, it was restricted by the Bay's funnel shape and rose to nearly 16 feet (15.8) feet above normal spring tides, resulting in more than 13 feet (4.0 m) of water in some areas of downtown Providence. Several motorists were drowned in their autos.
Many homes and structures along the coast were destroyed as well as many structures inland along the hurricane's path. Entire beach communities on the coast of Rhode Island were obliterated. Napatree Point, a small cape that housed nearly 40 families between the Atlantic Ocean and Little Narragansett Bay just off of Watch Hill, Rhode Island, was completely swept away. Today, Napatree is wildlife refuge with no human inhabitants. The only structures lying directly on the coast that survived the storm were the immense stone mansions in Newport, mostly because the largest mansions were along the Cliff Walk, high above the waves, though several, including The Breakers and Carey Mansion (known at that time as Seaview Terrace) still bear scars from the high winds of the storm.
One of the more tragic stories related to the storm was that of the seven children who died after driver Norman Caswell abandoned their school bus while trying to cross a narrow causeway known as Mackerel Cove in Jamestown, Rhode Island. Halfway through the cove, the bus stalled; the children evacuated and formed a human chain, believing they would be safer. The chain broke and the children were washed away, later to be found at various locations along Narragansett Bay. The only survivors were Caswell and Clayton Chellis (whose sister perished and brother chose to ride home with friends instead, saving his life). Caswell was blamed by many in the town for the children's deaths and never drove the bus again.[citation needed]
A few miles from Conanicus Island, keeper Walter Eberly lost his life when Whale Rock lighthouse was swept off its base and into the raging waves. His body was never found.
Connecticut
Flooding in Bushnell Park in Hartford, Connecticut in the aftermath of the hurricane
Tobacco barn in Connecticut, 1938, by Sheldon Dick
Eastern Connecticut was in the eastern side of the hurricane. Long Island acted as a buffer against large ocean surges, but the waters of Long Island Sound rose to unimaginable heights. Small shoreline towns to the east of New Haven had nearly complete destruction from the water and winds. To this day, the 1938 hurricane holds the record for the worst natural disaster in Connecticut's 350-year history.
In the beach towns of Clinton, Westbrook, and Old Saybrook, buildings were found as wreckage across coastal roads. Actress Katharine Hepburn waded to safety from her Old Saybrook beach home, narrowly escaping death. She stated in her 1991 book that 95% of her personal belongings were either lost or destroyed, including her 1932 Oscar which was later found intact.[citation needed] In Old Lyme, beach cottages were flattened or swept away. Along the Stonington shorefront, buildings were swept off their foundations and found two miles (3 km) inland. Rescuers later searching for survivors in the homes in Mystic found live fish and crabs in kitchen drawers and cabinets.
New London was first swept by the winds and storm surge; then the waterfront business district caught fire and burned out of control for 10 hours. Stately homes along Ocean Beach were leveled by the storm surge. The permanently anchored 240-ton lightship at the head of New London Harbor was found on a sand bar two miles (3 km) away.
Interior sections of the state experienced widespread flooding as the hurricane's torrential rains fell on soil already saturated from previous storms. The Connecticut River was forced out of its banks, inundating cities and towns from Hartford, to Middletown.
Massachusetts
The eye of the storm followed the Connecticut River north into Massachusetts, where the winds and flooding killed 99 people. In Springfield, the river rose to 6 to 10 feet (3 m) above flood stage, causing significant damage. Up to six inches (152 mm) of rain fell across western Massachusetts, which combined with over...
Sealed beam
Flood Projector Light ,
A burnt-out sealed beam, broken open to show internals. When the lamp burns out the whole assembly (reflector, lamp, lens array) must be replaced. The advantage is very good alignment, and being completely impervious to dirt, moisture, etc.
A sealed beam is a type of lamp that includes a reflector and filament as a single assembly, over which a front cover (lens), usually of clear glass, is permanently attached. The previous design was like that of common flashlights (electric torches), which have a separate small bulb which is fitted in front of a parabolic reflector and covered with a transparent cover, which in the case of a headlamp is ribbed to avoid glare from the filament. This cover would be clamped on with a grommet in between to try to seal it; the method's deficiencies were what prompted the sealed beam system. The subsequent design has the reflector sealed to the cover and the small bulb inserted through a hole in the rear of the lamp.
Headlights for automobiles may be of the sealed beam type, meaning that the reflector, the lens array on the front and the bulb are all one unit that must be replaced together in case of burnout. They are clamped into a structure for aiming the beams to meet safety requirements. Every time the headlight is replaced, the aiming of the beams must be checked. Headlights using sealed beams were introduced in the United States in 1940 and became mandatory from the following year until the 1984 model year; cars prior and subsequent to that date could have a variety of shapes of headlamps.
In stage lighting, sealed beam type fixtures are often used. A common size, also used in rock concerts, as well as outdoor architectural lighting, is the parabolic aluminumized reflector 64 (PAR64). PAR lamps are measured in non-SI units of measurement equal to one eighth of an inch, so a PAR64 light is a light that is 8 inches in diameter. The fixtures that such sealed beam lights go into are called "PAR cans", so a PAR64 fixture is an 8 inch diameter can.
Other popular sizes are PAR56, PAR38, and PAR36.
Sealed beams come in various voltages, most commonly 6, 12, 28, 120 and 230 V. Aircraft landing lights, which are commonly used in open air concerts and for stage lighting, are sealed beams that have a very narrow beam spread.
Beam spreads are designated as FL (flood), SP (spot), NSP (narrow spot), and VNSP (very narrow spot), as stamped on the back of the lamp's reflector.
A PAR64 sealed beam typically comes in 250 W, 500 W, or 1000 watt.
Modern sealed beams have an additional envelope around the filament, whereas older types do not. The inner envelope contains halogen to improve the life of the filament and enable more light for the same power; for this to work, the halogen must be confined to the area around the filament by the second envelope, commonly made of fused quartz to withstand the filament's heat. These "halogen sealed beams" appeared on U.S. cars in 1978 to enable halogen technology under Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108, which at the time required sealed beam headlamps; they continued even after FMVSS 108 was amended to permit composite headlamps in 1983, and came to dominate the sealed beam lamp market.
See also
World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations
v?d?eAutomotive design
Part of the Automobile series
Body
Framework
Automobile platform? Body-on-frame? Bumper? Cabrio coach? Chassis? Continental tire? Crumple zone? Dagmar bumpers? Decklid? Fender? Fender skirts? Grille? Hood? Hood scoop? Monocoque construction? Overhang? Pillar? Pontoon fenders? Quarter panel? Shaker scoop? Spoiler? Subframe? Tonneau
Compartments
Trunk/Boot? Hood/Bonnet
Doors
Butterfly doors? Gull-wing door? Scissor doors? Suicide door? Sliding doors? Canopy door
Glass
Greenhouse? Sunroof? Power window? Quarter glass? Windshield/Windscreen? Windshield/Windscreen wiper
Other
Curb feeler? Bumper sticker? Hood ornament? Japan Black paint? Monsoonshield? Nerf bar? Tire/Tyre? Tow hitch? Truck accessory
ExteriorEquipment
Lighting
Daytime running lamp? Headlamp? Hidden headlamps? High-intensity discharge lamp? Retroreflector? Sealed beam? Trafficators
Legal and other
Vehicle Identification Number? Vehicle registration plate? Vanity plate? Parktronic? Motor vehicle theft? Windshield/Windscreen washer fluid? Wing mirror
Interiorequipment
Instruments
Backup camera? Boost gauge? Buzzer? Carputer? Electronic instrument cluster? Fuel gauge? Global Positioning System and Automotive navigation system? Head-up display? Idiot light? Malfunction Indicator Lamp? Night vision? Odometer? Radar detector? LIDAR detector? Speedometer? Tachometer? Trip computer
Controls
Bowden cable? Cruise control (speed control)? Electronic throttle control? Gear stick? Hand brake? Manettino dial? Steering wheel? Throttle
Theft deterrence
Key? Car alarm? Immobiliser? Klaxon? Automatic vehicle location? VIN etching
Safety & seating
Airbag? Armrest? Automatic seat belt? Bench seat? Bucket seat? Child safety lock? Rumble seat? Seat belt
Other
Air conditioning? Ancillary power? Car audio? Car phone? Center console? Dashboard? Flat tire? Glove compartment? Motorola connector? Power steering? Rear-view mirror? Sun visor
Portal? Category
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Children Walking Tall
Hood Zipper Jacket ,
Children Walking Tall is a UK and India charity co-founded by Robert Lyon and Shermina Ganatra in 2004. The organisation works with slum and street children in India. Shermina and Robert spent 6 months in Goa volunteering for these children but decided that the best way of helping would be to start theit own charity, it's aim being to give the children living in the slums and on the streets in India a childhood worth remembering. Children Walking Tall operates a children's home and drop in centre called The Mango House.
The Children They Help Most of the children that they help are from the slums or those working on the streets. Slums are often temporary areas hidden away behind buildings and down small tracks, many have no electricity or running water which results in poor hygiene and sanitation. They also help children from families that migrate looking for work. These children can often be found playing and living at the side of busy roads or on building sites. Lack of nourishment and poor living conditions increase the chance of severe health problems.
They also do outreach work that extends into Maharastra and Karnataka, where they provide clothes, fruit, toys and educational items to children living in similar conditions.
With the help of volunteers they set up small school sessions in the slums. During this time they provided just basic lessons in English, Maths, Crafts and Play. Good relationships with the families has allowed them to continue their work to this * * day. In May 2005 they found a permanent home for the charity The Mango House. At this time it was a run down Portuguese house that hadn been lived in for many years. The next six to eight months were spent working on the house, changing it from a shell into a lively centre to which children can come for healthy food, medical care, a safe/dry place to rest and to join in with creative and fun education. The house is open to all children no matter what their background, religion or circumstances.
They provide
Good nourishing food that gives the children the basic nutrients needed to grow into strong healthy adults.
Informal education for the children that's fun, exciting and useful.
Access to formal schooling, allowing the children the chance of a proper education that will enhance their chances of employment.
Access to quality health care to ensure that the children stay fit and healthy. We have dealt with many severe cases including burns, Leprosy, TB, Malaria and many other issues.
Showers and washing facilities. This simple measure helps control the spread of skin infections which are common amongst the children. It also gives them a sense of pride in their appearance.
Appropriate clothes and footwear are given to both the children in the house and those in the slums.
Above all they provide a caring, stable environment that the children can rely upon.
Daily fruit visits to local slums and regular clothing distribution.
Contents
1 News snippets (July/August Newsletter)
2 News snippets (May / June Newsletter 07)
3 Featured In
4 External links
//
News snippets (July/August Newsletter)
A young girl seriously burned We received some terrible news recently about one of the young girls who attends he Mango House. The girl had returned to her native village in Karnataka a couple of months ago where she worked in the fields and also cooked for the family at home. One day while at home she reached over while cooking, her dress got too close to the fire and caught alight. She didn't know what to do and ran out of the house screaming. Neighbours saw her and threw water over her to put out the flames.
Independence Day - Campal Children Park Independence day was celebrated in Goa, as it was throughout India. For our own little celebration the children made flags and as a special treat we took them to the Campal Children park in Panjim. We were lucky to have a dry sunny day and the children had lots of fun playing on the swings and slides. The park has simple equipment but it was enough to keep the children thoroughly entertained for the whole day. It was a great sight to see the children having fun. The day finished with drinks and fruit. Thank you to all the volunteers who kept an eye on the children, although I think the volunteers enjoyed it just as much as the children!
News snippets (May / June Newsletter 07)
School As well as getting all the children who attend 'The Mango House' into school, we also have a programme where we help other local children with their educational needs. Unfortunately one of the main reasons that children don't attend school is financial. Although in theory education is free and they don't have to pay school fees, for many families living in the slums, the lack of available money for school uniforms, books, shoes, bags etc means that the children cannot afford to attend school. This year, we have helped around 70 children with these items. As well as getting them into school, we follow their progress and talk regularly with the schools to try and help the children as much as possible.
Hospital Admissions There have been several children requiring hospitalisation during the last couple of months. Just recently, a further three children have been admitted. Two of the admitted children are siblings, a brother and sister, both with similar symptoms. The elder of the two had a scorching 42.3 / 108.1 degree temperature which is life threatening. Both were admitted into hospital for 5 days where malaria was finally confirmed.
Featured In
Been featured on SF Television Switzerland "einfachluxurios GOA" (8/02/2007]
Children Walking Tall is mentioned in the latest version of Lonely Planet (India).
Zee Magazine (London Edition) Article
Warship (TV series) Featured in the last episode of the UK TV Series of Warship
External links
Children Walking Tall
My compassionate crusade to help hildren Walking Tall
SF Television PDF Document
SF Television Programme List
Categories: Children's charities | Educational charities | Charities based in India | Non-profit organisations based in India | Charities based in the United Kingdom
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Curly Horse
Waterproof 0.10mm Self Adhesive Vinyl sheet ,
Curly Horse
Bashkir Curly
Distinguishing features:
curly coat, mane and tail.
Alternative names:
American Bashkir Curly
Country of origin:
North America
Common nicknames:
Curly
A Curly is a breed of horse. Curlies, also called Bashkir Curlies, American Bashkir Curlies, and North American Curly Horses, come in all sizes, colors, and body types but all carry a gene for a unique curly coat of hair.
Contents
1 Traits
1.1 Coat, mane and tail
1.2 Hypoallergenic
1.3 Build
2 Origin
3 Registries and Organizations
4 Show Horse & Companion Mount
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
//
Traits
The Curlies are known for their calm and intelligent and friendly personality. They show a very easy trainable temperament. They also show tough constitutions and great stamina. Most people have found that the curlies enjoy being around people. The curlies are typically not flighty. They tend to do more reasoning than most breeds. They are very reliable and have a great work ethic.
A Curly in full winter coat
Coat, mane and tail
The unique gene that gives Curlies their curly hair (which is most obvious with their winter coat) can be expressed minimally (horse exhibits curly hair inside ears, at fetlocks, and a kinky mane and tail), maximally (horse exhibits curl all over body, has extremely dreadlocked mane, and has curly eyelashes and guard hairs), Extreme (very tight, extreme curls, but when they shed out for summer can shed entirely bald) or any variation in between. The coat in the summer shows a slight wave in it, but not as extreme as the winter curls. http://www.curlyhorses.org/index.php?page=faqcurly Because the trait can be carried heterozygously, some purebred Curlies exhibit no curl at all. (Called "smooth coat" curlies) Curlies have split manes and are not braided or clipped when shown. Curlies are most commonly chestnut colored, but can be found in every color from standard bays, blacks, and greys, to appaloosa markings; from pinto patterns to dilute colors such as buckskin, roan, grulla, and cremello.
The care for the curly hair is simple. Most people choose to not comb the mane due to the fact that the hair will lose its curliness. The manes are often trimmed to keep them from matting. The tails can be combed. Some people choose to collect the hair that is shed from the mane and tails in the spring. The hair is then donated to the ICHO Fiber Guild. They use the hair for spinning. All of the proceeds go to ICHO Curly Research Efforts.
Hypoallergenic
Characteristic Winter Coat of a Curly
Closeup of Curly Coat in Winter
Curlies are acclaimed to be the only hypoallergenic horse breed; most people allergic to horses can handle Curly Horses without suffering any allergic reaction. Research indicates a protein is missing from the fur of Curlies which may be what causes allergic reactions to horses in allergy suffers, but the study was never officially published. Members of the Curly Community are working towards funding more research on this.
Build
The Curly has a characteristic long stride and bold movement. They have tough hooves, strong bones and exceptional endurance. Most Curlies stand between 14 and 16 hands, though they can range from Miniature horses to Draft horses (Only allowed in two registries).
Origin
The origins of the Curly horse is highly debated in the Curly community, but research is mostly still in progress. Disagreements of the Curly horse's history result in confusion of what the breed is, and what it should be called. ABCR members prefer "Bashkir Curly" while CSI & ICHO members lean towards "North American Curly". The addition or removal of 'Bashkir' to the breed name is highly debated.
It's said Curly horses were documented in Asian artwork as early as 161 AD. Charles Darwin documented curly horses in South America in the early 1800s and the early Sioux Indians regarded curly horses as sacred mounts for chiefs and medicine men. Native American artwork shows Curlies carrying warriors in the Battle of Little Bighorn.[citation needed]
Another theory is that the origin of the breed is Iberian. It has been noted that foals of cross bred horses have the curly hair. This shows evidence that the curly gene is dominant.
Registries and Organizations
The American Bashkir Curly Registry (ABCR) opened in 1971 with only 21 horses; as of May 2005 there were just over 4,000 Bashkir Curlies in the world, primarily in North America. They are the original standing Curly Registry, and have a closed stud book- only issuing new registrations to horses with two ABCR registered parents.
The International Curly Horse Organization (ICHO) began in 2000 and had over 800 horses registered in its North American Curly Horse Registry (as of Oct. 2006). Horses within this registry are not referred to as "Bashkir Curlies". Although bloodlines (when available) are tracked, the ICHO registers horses based on visible curly traits rather than bloodlines.
Curly Sporthorse International (CSI) began in early 2003 to promote sport horse type Curly Horses, which are one of the more popular types of Curlies. CSI was created to support Curly owners & breeders in improvement of breeding stock, promotion, & marketing. The registry also sponsors Horse of the Year awards and USDF All Breed Awards for performance. CSI advocates evaluation of breeding stock & their offspring.
Canadian Curly Horse Association (CCHA) formed in 1993. This group is focused on community events in the Curly world, and spreading knowledge of the Curly horse.
Show Horse & Companion Mount
Though eye catching and unusual in the show ring, Curlies have the movement, endurance, and heart to excel in competition. Several Curlies have made a name for themselves at upper levels of dressage and show jumping, but countless others have proved the reliable mount and patient teacher for the weekend competitor. Curlies are characteristically quiet, level headed horses that make excellent first horses for supervised beginner riders. Curlies are forgiving and adaptable and many have carried horse-allergic riders from raw beginner to achieving the once-believed-impossible dream of showing horses.[citation needed] The curlies have been used for combined driving, western, ranch horses, trail horses, and excelent pasture buddies. Some of the curlies have been cross bred to gaited horses. About 10% of the cross bred will do either the running walk, fox trot or the stepping pace, which is also called the curly shuffle. The curlies are not used for racing or high trotting showing.
See also
Bashkir Pony
References
^ Curly genetics
^ http://www.curlyhorses.org/index.php?page=faqcurly
^
^ Breed standard
^ Standard 2
^ http://www.curlyhorses.org/index.php?page=faqcurly
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
^ http://www.curlyhorses.org/index.php?page=faqcurly
External links
Curly Sport Horse International Registry
American Bashkir Curly Registry
International Curly Horse Organization
Canadian Curly Horse Association
Curly Horse Pedigree Database
Curly Horse Country, Fun, Informative Resource site!
Photos of Bashkir Curly Horses
Categories: Horse breeds
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Cap'n Crunch for Yellow Corn #2
arts and crafts,vases,woodcarvings made in china for sale ,
For other uses, see Captain Crunch.
A box of the Cap'n Crunch breakfast cereal, featuring the Cap'n Crunch character.
Cap'n Crunch is a sweetened corn and oat breakfast cereal manufactured by Quaker Oats Company and introduced in 1963. Pamela Low, a flavorist at Arthur D. Little and "the mother of Cap'n Crunch," developed the flavor from a brown sugar and butter recipe that her grandmother had served over rice.
Former Quaker Oats food scientist turned winemaker, Chaim Di Arie may be considered the father of Cap'n Crunch as he is often credited with its invention. This is because Di Arie invented the flavor extrusion process used to put the flavors from Pamela Low's recipe into the cereal. Additionally, Robert Rountree Reinhart Sr is credited with inventing the cereal as he headed the team working on its development. In 1965 the Quaker Oats company awarded Reinhart the Fredus N. Peters Award for his leadership in directing the team of researchers responsible for the development of Cap'n Crunch.
Contents
1 Variations
2 Advertising
2.1 The Soggies
3 Relation to hacking culture
4 References
5 External links
//
Variations
Regular flavor Cap'n Crunch
Cap Crunch Crunch Berries A Cap Crunch Crunch Berries version of the cereal was created in 1967 and also contained spherical pieces in red, intended to represent berries, and a mascot was introduced called the Crunch Berry Beast. In the 90s, two additional colors of the Crunchberries (blue and purple) were added to the mix and then a third (green) in 2002. All are flavored the same, regardless of color.
Peanut Butter Crunch Peanut Butter Crunch would follow two years later in 1969, with a large elephant named Smedley as its mascot; according to sales charts, this version was the most successful at the time.
Punch Crunch, Vanilly Crunch, Cinnamon Crunch Three more editions were issued in the early 70s -- Punch Crunch, Vanilly Crunch, and Jean LaFoote Cinnamon Crunch -- but were later discontinued. Punch Crunch was fruit-flavored cereal rings, and the mascot was sailor-clad hippopotamus named Harry.
Choco Crunch In 1982, a variant called Choco Crunch, featuring the mascot "Chockle the Blob", was introduced. This version contained the yellow corn squares, plus chocolate flavored pieces similar to Crunch Berries. Recently, the "Choco Crunch" brand was reintroduced, but this time consisting of chocolate flavored corn squares, unlike the original version, which was a mix of yellow corn squares and chocolate puffs.
Christmas Crunch A special edition named Christmas Crunch was first released for the 1988 holiday season and contained Cap Crunch with red and green Crunch Berries in a green box with the Cap wearing a Santa Claus hat (originally also containing a toy or Christmas tree ornament inside the box). This variety is now only available currently in certain regions of the United States (and was recently changed to a gold box).
Oops, All Berries First released in 1997 another special edition was ops! All Berries containing nothing but the strawberry flavored Crunch Berries and none of the corn squares.
Galactic Crunch A discontinued version which featured space-related marshmallows.
Choco Doughnuts A discontinued version which featured chocolate flavored doughnut shaped cereal with candy sprinkles
Home Run Crunch A limited edition version of the cereal. It has the flavor of Berry Crunch but the pieces of the cereal are shaped as bats and balls.
Cap'n Crunch's Mystery Volcano Crunch Red and yellow fruit flavored berries with "'free' packet of lava rocks that pop in milk!"
Cap'n Crunch's Oops! Smashed Berries Oops! All Berries cereal with flat berries that the kids smashed
Cap'n Crunch's CoZmic Crunch Star shaped berries with "'free' orange space dust that turns milk green"
Advertising
Cap'n Crunch TV commercials have aired since 1963. The first Cap Crunch commercials, featured four children (Alfie, Brunhilde, Carlyle, and Dave) and the canine Sea Dog, who sailed with the Cap on his ship, The Good Ship Guppy. The crew was tasked with keeping the cereal safe from the Cap nemesis, Jean LaFoote, the Barefoot Pirate. The characters also appeared in a comic book included in Cap Crunch cereal boxes.
Jay Ward is credited with the creation of the Cap Crunch character and his Jay Ward Studios produced the first Cap Crunch commercials. The commercials have historically used basic cartoon animation; however, Vinton Studios produced a claymation ad during the 80s.
In 1999, an advertising campaign starred Cap'n Crunch travelling to the center of the Earth after learning that the main ingredient in Cap'n Crunch cereal, known as crunchium, was being stolen by "The Crunchium Thieves." Cap'n Crunch turned for help to the creatures that live in the center of the Earth, "The Crunchlings." During this campaign, a PC game known as Cap'n Crunch's Crunchling Adventure was released with the cereal to raise a Crunchling and train it to defeat the leader of the Crunchium Thieves in a skateboarding, jumping or throwing contest.
In May 2007 Cap'n Crunch's full name was revealed as Captain Horatio Magellan Crunch. It was also revealed on Cap'n Crunch's own baseball card (Cap'n Crunch's Home Run Crunch cereal) that he was "young" in 1963 but according to the picture, old enough to have white hair and mustache.
Daws Butler was the original voice of the Cap and continued in the role until his death in 1988. Other characters in the original ads were voiced by Ward Studio veterans June Foray, Bill Scott, and Paul Frees.
In modern TV ads Cap Crunch is often seen riding his ship through a wall as the whistle blares. He often comes in the middle of a predicament and uses his cereal to solve the problem at hand by runch-a-tizing it. Another reference to the cereal crunchiness, a regular theme used to feature Cap Crunch battling off the evil oggies who attempted to og out the taste of his cereal. In a recent ad, Jean LaFoote returns, this time trying to steal the Captain's cereal recipe.
Cap Crunch was the most popular children's cereal from 19651971 when Post released its fruit-flavored crispy rice cereal known as Fruity Pebbles.[citation needed] It took six years for Crunch to dominate the segment again, releasing a new flavor of the crunch berry ingredient, grape.
The Soggies
The Soggies were a fictional race of white, blob-like, wet beings with the power to prematurely dampen breakfast cereals. During the eighties they were the frequent adversaries of Cap'n Crunch, and would often attempt to dampen his cereal while children ate it for breakfast. The Soggies haven't been seen for a number of years, but at their height they were even featured in a Spider-Man/Cap'n Crunch crossover promotion[citation needed] in which the Soggies purportedly had captured Spider-Man and concerned citizens could call a hotline to help "save" him.
Relation to hacking culture
Main article: John Draper
Cap'n Crunch Bosun whistle CA 1971.
In early 1971, a Vietnam War veteran named John Draper (later nicknamed Captain Crunch, Crunch, or Crunchman) discovered with his friend Joe Engressia that a toy whistle that was, at the time, packaged in boxes of the cereal could be easily modified to emit a tone at precisely 2600 hertz, the same frequency that was used by AT&T long lines to indicate that a trunk line was ready and available to route a new call. This would effectively disconnect one end of the trunk, allowing the still-connected side to enter an operator mode. This resulted in, among other things, the ability to place free phone calls to anywhere in the world and operator-like control over the phone system. Experimenting with this whistle inspired Draper to build blue boxes,...
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Tokat for bath and toilet
Detox Foot Spa Energizer Ion Cleanse Toxin Draining Machine ,
Tokat
Tokat Republic Square
Location of Tokat within Turkey.
Coordinates: 4019?N 3633?E? / ?40.317 36.55? / 40.317; 36.55
Country
Turkey
Region
Black Sea
Province
Tokat
Government
-Mayor
Do?. Dr. Adnan ?i?ek (Justice and Development Party)
Area
-Total
9,958km2(3,844.8sqmi)
Elevation
623m (2,044ft)
Population []
-Total
113,100
-Density
83/km2(215/sqmi)
Time zone
EET (UTC+2)
-Summer(DST)
EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code
60 xxx
Area code(s)
0356
Licenceplate
60
Website
http://www.tokat.bel.tr/
Tokat is the capital city of Tokat Province of Turkey, at the mid Black Sea region of Anatolia. According to the 2000 census, the city of Tokat has a population of 113,100.
Contents
1 Landmarks
1.1 Famous people born in Tokat
2 Famous foods in Tokat
3 External links
//
Landmarks
Fa?ade of the G?k Medrese in Tokat, founded by the Pervane ca. 1270.
The most important landmark here is the Ottoman Citadel of 28 towers, founded on a rocky hill overlooking the town. The Garipler Mosque dating to the 12th century and the Ali Pasa Mosque of 16th century are other sights worth visiting.
One of Tokat's finest buildings is the G?k Medrese (Pervane Bey Darussifasi) which was constructed in 1270. It was founded as a school of theology, and is now converted into a museum, housing archaeological finds from the area.
The Latifoglu Konak, late eighteenth century Ottoman home in Tokat is a masterpiece of Baroque architecture. The two-story building has been restored and converted into a small museum. Much of the furniture in the kitchen, study, visitors' rooms with bath and toilet, bedroom, master's room and harem is original.
The city also holds a university, Gaziosmanpa?a iversitesi, founded in 1992 and named after the local hero, Gazi Osman Pa?a.
Famous people born in Tokat
Gazi Osman Pa?a, 1832-1897, Ottoman Commander (Siege of Pleven)
"ibn-i Kemal" (Kemalpasazade), Ahmet Semseddin, historian, Muslim judge and administrator.
Krikor Balakian, 1875-1934, Armenian bishop
Seda Sayan
Engin Gayd?n
Famous foods in Tokat
There is various foods in Tokat but most known is Tokat Kebabi and Zile pekmezi, the latter of which is served in a wooden pot. This is made from grapes after a special treatment.
External links
Pictures
Tokat
Tokat Re?adiye - Sarayk??la Village Association
Zile daily news portal
Yildiztepe, a small town in Zile
v?d?e
Tokat in Tokat Province (in the Black Sea region) of Turkey
Urban districts
Tokat
Rural districts
Almus - Artova - Ba??iftlik - Erbaa - Niksar - Pazar - Re?adiye - Sulusaray - Turhal - Ye?ilyurt - Zile
Regions
Provinces
Aegean
Afyonkarahisar - Ayd?n - Denizli - ?zmir - Kahya - Manisa - Mu?la - U?ak
Black Sea
Amasya - Artvin - Bart?n - Bayburt - Bolu - ?orum - Dce - Giresun - G?hane - Karab - Kastamonu - Ordu - Rize - Samsun - Sinop - Tokat - Trabzon - Zonguldak
Central Anatolia
Aksaray - Ankara - ?ank?r? - Eski?ehir - Karaman - Kayseri - K?r?kkale - K?r?ehir - Konya - Nev?ehir - Ni?de - Sivas - Yozgat
Eastern Anatolia
A?r? - Ardahan -Bing?l - Bitlis - Elaz?? - Erzincan - Erzurum - Hakkari - I?d?r - Kars - Malatya - Mu? - Siirt - Tunceli - Van
Marmara
Bal?kesir - Bilecik - Bursa - ?anakkale - Edirne - Istanbul - K?rklareli - Kocaeli - Sakarya - Tekirda? - Yalova
Mediterranean
Adana - Antalya- Burdur - Hatay - Isparta - Kahramanmara? - Mersin - Osmaniye
Southeastern Anatolia
Ad?yaman - Batman - Diyarbak?r - Gaziantep - Kilis - Mardin - ?anl?urfa - ??rnak
Categories: Tokat Province | Cities in Turkey | Black Sea Region | Black Sea Region geography stubs
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Greeks Bearing Gifts (Torchwood) for bearing and hub
14pcs Kitchen Knives with a Wooden Block and A Scissor ,
07"Greeks Bearing Gifts"
Torchwood episode
The alien reveals herself to Tosh.
Cast
John Barrowman Captain Jack Harkness
Eve Myles Gwen Cooper
Burn Gorman Owen Harper
Naoko Mori Toshiko Sato
Gareth David-Lloyd Ianto Jones
Guest stars
Daniela Denby-Ashe Mary
Tom Robertson Soldier
Ravin J Ganatra Neil
Eiry Thomas Carol
Shaheen Jafargholi Danny
Paul Kasey Weevil
Production
Writer
Toby Whithouse
Director
Colin Teague
Scripteditor
Brian Minchin
Producer
Richard StokesChris Chibnall (co-producer)
Executive producer(s)
Russell T DaviesJulie Gardner
Productioncode
1.7
Series
Series 1
Length
50 mins
Originallybroadcast
26 November 2006
Chronology
?Precededby
Followedby?
"Countrycide"
"They Keep Killing Suzie"
IMDbprofile
"Greeks Bearing Gifts" is an episode of the British science fiction television series Torchwood. It is the seventh episode of the first series, which was broadcast on 26 November 2006.
Contents
1 Synopsis
2 Plot
3 Continuity
4 Music
5 Outside references
6 External links
//
Synopsis
Faced with sudden telepathic abilities, Toshiko finds a mixed blessing when the dark secrets of others are revealed to her.
Plot
The Torchwood team are called to a building site where they find a human skeleton with a rusted alien artifact buried in the ground. They return the skeleton and artifact to the Hub, and Owen identifies the skeleton as a woman who died from a gunshot, having been buried there for nearly two centuries. Owen and Gwen flirt around the Hub, distracting Tosh enough to make her step out and go to a nearby pub for a drink. There, Tosh meets Mary who introduces herself as a "Scavenger", a person that collects alien objects. Mary explains she knows everything about Torchwood and Tosh's background from a pendant that gives the wearer mind-reading powers, and presents it to Tosh. Tosh is initially overwhelmed by the thoughts of others, but is able to focus on Mary's thoughts which suggest Mary has a romantic interest in Tosh. Tosh claims she needs to show the pendant to the others at Torchwood, but Mary asks her not to.
Tosh returns to the Hub to investigate the pendant further, but is shocked when she reads the thoughts of Owen and Gwen about her as they flirt. Tosh races home to find Mary waiting for her. Tosh tries to return the pendant, but Mary insists she wear it, and lets Tosh read her mind, again showing a romantic interest in Tosh. Tosh and Mary break into a kiss and spend the night together. Tosh wakes up feeling guilty about what she did, but Mary insists that the pendant can be used for good ways. Tosh asks Mary who she really is, and Mary replies "Philoctetes". Tosh takes Mary's advice and overhears the thoughts of a man who is on his way to kill his ex-wife and son, and is able to stop him before he can harm them. She returns to the Hub to find that Owen is being teased by the others about misidentifying the skeleton; it was actually that of a man that died of an unidentified trauma. Tosh asks Jack about the name "Philoctetes", and he explains it is a Greek mythology character
that was exiled to the island of Lemnos.
Tosh meets with Mary again, who starts to ask questions about the artifact found with the skeleton, and tells Tosh that Jack is withholding information from her. Tosh asks Jack about the artifact but Jack admits he is still looking into it; Tosh finds she cannot read Jack's mind to find out what he is thinking. Tosh returns to Mary with this information, and Mary reveals herself to be an exiled alien: the pendant she gave Tosh is their way of communication, and the artifact is a transporter that brought her to Earth and her way to leave the planet. Tosh offers Torchwood's help, but Mary refuses, and instead insist that Tosh bring Mary to Torchwood to retrieve the artifact themselves. Meanwhile, Owen's investigation of the skeleton reveals several more cases of similar trauma reported in the last two centuries.
Tosh brings Mary into Torchwood, where they find Jack holding the artifact. Jack explains that it is actually a two man transporter for a guard and a prisoner. Through flashbacks, Mary explains that when the transporter landed in Cardiff in 1812, she killed her guard and then took the body of a human prostitute, killing others to keep her human form through the centuries. Mary then quickly takes Tosh at knife point and demands the transporter back. Jack obliges, but as soon as Mary holds it, it activates and it disappears along with Mary. Jack explains that he programmed the device to teleport to the center of the sun. As the team recovers, Tosh apologizes to Gwen and Owen for her behavior, and then, when presented with Jack whether to keep the pendant, she smashes it on the pavement, though she admits to Jack that when she had tried to read his mind, it was like reading that of a dead man.
Continuity
For the dating of this episode, see the Chronology.
A pair of 3-D glasses, originally used by the Tenth Doctor in "Doomsday" and seen in "Small Worlds", makes another fleeting appearance. Also visible is a rifle used against the Daleks in "Doomsday", and a replica of the Doctor's sonic screwdriver can be seen on Toshiko's desk. The Sycorax Leader's staff and sword from Doctor Who episode The Christmas Invasion are visible next to the Doomsday Rifle. Presumably the sword was retrieved with the severed hand of the Doctor or from The Sycorax Leader with the staff.
A man of questionable mental state is said to be having visions of Cybermen.
Jack has asked Toshiko to prepare "a list" for UNIT, the first verbal mention of that organisation in the series.
Jack speaks to the Prime Minister on the telephone asking why documents listing Torchwood operations are being giving to the opposition, believed to be Harold Saxon.
Some scan images of the Cyberwoman are in the autopsy room where the body they find is being held.
Toshiko now knows about the affair between Gwen and Owen, first seen at the end of "Countrycide".
An alien of the same race as Mary appears in The Sarah Jane Adventures pilot episode "Invasion of the Bane", albeit this time as a "star poet". The episode clarifies that Mary's home planet is called "Arcateen 5" and that they are largely a peaceful race. Although this particular species has been referenced in the Torchwood novel Something in the Water as "Arcateenians", the Sarah Jane website originally referred to this alien species as the "Butterfly People".
Music
The songs "Spitting Games" by Snow Patrol (when Mary introduces herself to Toshiko, last heard in "Everything Changes"), "Sing" by Travis (when Tosh tells Mary about alien cultures & artefacts, last heard in "Ghost Machine"), "Drag" by Placebo (when Mary tells Tosh about the pendant and tells her to keep it) and "Suddenly I See" by KT Tunstall (when Mary kisses Tosh in the cafe then asks about the object from the building site) are featured in this episode.
Outside references
The phrase "Beware Greeks bearing gifts" refers to the Trojan horse described in Virgil's The Aeneid.
James Bond and the film Alien are referenced.
Jack makes a reference to the American television series Quincy, M.E. when Owen is first examining the skeleton at the building site ("Good job, Quincy").
Mary quotes the poem Kubla Khan by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The historical Kublai Khan appeared in the First Doctor serial Marco Polo (1964).
The overheard thought "Six cigarettes today and all of them post-coital... glorious." is a quote from Bridget Jones's Diary.
Gwen teases Owen by...
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Nismo for nissan oem parts
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Nissan Motorsport Ltd. (Nismo)
Type
Private
Genre
Tuning/Racing
Founded
September 17, 1984
Headquarters
Tokyo, Japan
Industry
Motor vehicles
Products
Automobiles/automobile parts
Revenue
?2.9 trillion per year
Employees
205
Website
Nissan Motorsports Official International site
Nismo (abbreviated from Nissan Motorsport International Limited (??????????????????????????? ,Nissan M?t? Sup?tsu Int?nashonaru Kabushiki-gaisha?)) is the motorsports and performance division of Nissan Motor Company. Formed in 1984 as a result of a merger of two motorsport departments, Nismo cars have participated in JSPC, Formula Nippon, JTCC, 24 Hours of Le Mans and 24 Hours of Daytona. They currently participate in the Super GT.
Contents
1 History
2 Products
2.1 Tuning kits
2.2 Complete cars
3 Exit and re-entry into the US Market
4 References
5 External links
//
History
In 1984, Nissan decided that it wanted to merge its two motorsport division, founded in the late 1960s, there were Publication Division 3, based in its Oppama factory, responsible for the needs of privateer teams and Special Car Testing Division, within its ?mori plant, responsible for its factory operations. The company's intention following the merger was to specialize in sportscar racing, but it also provided support for teams competing in the domestic F3 series.
In 1988, Nismo built its first car, the Saurus for motorsport use for its one-make series. The following year they developed the Skyline GT-R for racing as well as building the 500 evolution editions for road use.
Products
Tuning kits
Nismo designs and manufactures a range of aftermarket performance parts for Nissan cars including aerodynamic parts such as spoilers and diffusers, alloy wheels, engine and suspension parts.
Most Datsun, Nissan, and Infiniti branded cars have performance parts available from Nismo, either in production or as old stock. For example, Nismo sells parts such as unground cam billets, performance cams, pistons, etc for the KA24E engine, which was used in the Nissan small pickup truck for several years and also used for the 1989 and 1990 model years of 240SX, a popular car among Import scene enthusiasts (especially Drifters) in North America.
In Japan, the V35 Skyline and Z33 Fairlady have both received several levels of Nismo tuning packages (E-Type, S-Tune, R-Tune, and S1 packages), with a full track spec Fairlady Z debuted at the 2005 Nismo Festival of Speed held at (formerly) Fuji International Raceway.
Announced in February 2007, Nismo announced the launch of the Nismo 380RS. The Nismo 380RS is a modified version of Nissan Z33 Fairlady Z. Two versions have been announced, the first is track-only model called the 380RS-C (C for competition), the second is a street model being sold at Nissan dealers. Both versions use a Nissan VQ series V6 engine, bored and stroked to 3.8L. The track-only 380RS-C makes 400hp, and the street version makes approximately 350hp. The Nismo 380RS is only being sold in Japan.
Complete cars
Recently, Nismo released the Skyline GT-R R34 V-Spec complete car, the Z-Tune. Because there was a limitation in the number of parts, Nismo was only able to create 20 of them. The complete version sells for 17,745,000 Yen (USD $146,600, as of December 7, 2005) in Japan. However, the parts-conversion version, where the customer's Skyline GT-R's become the base car, sells for 13,125,000 Yen (USD $108,500, as of December 7, 2005). However, it is known that the GT-R Z-tune can exceed the $180,000 USD price tag in car market. The engine is an RB26DETT Z2 (a normal GT-R engine with a stroked displacement of 2.8 liters & Nismo parts designed specifically for the Z2). All of the Z-Tunes have been sold already. The car weighs 1600kg.
Nismo was also responsible for the R33 Skyline 400R and S14 Silvia 270R models. Both featured comprehensive modifications to the drivetrain, suspension, brakes, chassis, and aero work. Very limited numbers of both models were sold in 1997, and both command high resale prices even today. These models stressed Nismo's link to street car tuning, and were developed (as was the Z-Tune GT-R) at their Chiba City tuning garage. Nismo street tuned vehicles have been sold at Nissan dealerships for years, and come with full warranties.
Exit and re-entry into the US Market
Nismo pulled out of the US market in the late 1990s due to parent company restructuring worldwide. The company's return in 2002 was celebrated with the launch of several US only models and tuning packages for the Sentra SE-R Spec-V, Frontier, 350Z, and recently the Titan and Murano. Most Nismo parts available for general consumers are their S-Tune and R-Tune packages. These packages are designed for street (S-Tune) and light track duty (R-Tune). Full race parts and equipment are also available to make this car a highly competitive vehicle within its class range.
References
^ a b c Enthusia Professional Racing, Konami: Library?Maker Profiles
External links
Nismo official web site (Unrecognised language code), Japanese official web site for Nismo products.
Nissan Motorsports, coverage and information on Nissan motorsports events (available in English or Japanese).
Nismo USA official site
Nismo Russia site
Categories: Nissan | Auto parts suppliers | Motor vehicle companies | Automotive companies of Japan | Official motorsport and performance division of automakers | Japanese auto racing teams | World Rally Championship teams | 24 Hours of Le Mans entrants | World Sportscar Championship entrants | Super GT teams
Hidden categories: Articles containing Japanese language text
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Decrease (knitting) for eyelash knitting yarn
Small Glass Double Straight-line Edging Machine LSZM1200-12 ,
A decrease in knitting is a reduction in the number of stitches, usually accomplished by suspending the stitch to be decreased from another existing stitch or by knitting it together with another stitch.
Contents
1 Methods of Single Decreasing (knitting)
2 Methods of Double Decreasing (knitting)
3 Relation to binding off
4 Role in fabric shaping
5 External links
6 References
//
Methods of Single Decreasing (knitting)
When more than one stitch is suspended from a stitch, they can hang in different orders. For example, the first stitch could be on top of the second stitch (when seen from the right side) or the reverse, leaning to the left or the right. The order of stitches is important, both for appearance and for the way it pulls the fabric.
K2tog ("knit two together") -- Work to the two stitches to be decreased, insert the right-hand needle into the first two stitches as if to knit, wrap yarn around needle in normal manner, slip the two stitches off together and drop them. This creates a right-leaning decrease.
SSK ("slip, slip, knit") -- Work to the two stitches to be decreased, slip two stitches one at a time to the right-hand needle, as if to knit; insert the left-hand needle into the two stitches from front to back, knit the two stitches together and drop them. This creates a left-leaning decrease.
S1, K1, PSSO ("slip one, knit one, pass slipped stitch over") -- This results in a similar look to the SSK but can appear less tidy. Work to the two stitches to be decreased, slip next stitch to the right-hand needle as if to knit, knit next stitch, pass slipped stitch over knit stitch. Also creates a left-leaning decrease.
Methods of Double Decreasing (knitting)
Sometimes a double decrease is made, in which three stitches are suspended from a single stitch. This allows for six possible stitch orders: 123, 132, 213, 231, 312 and 321. Here, the first number is the topmost stitch, and the last number is the bottommost stitch. Thus, 213 means that the second stitch is uppermost (as seen from the right side), followed by the first, then third stitches. The uppermost stitch is most important; there is not much visual difference between 213 and 231.
The simplest double decreases are k3tog and p3tog, which both slant to the right. An attractively symmetric double decrease is 213, which can be done as follows: slip stitches 1 and 2 knitwise simultaneously, knit stitch 3, then pass the slipped stitches over the just-knitted stitch.
Relation to binding off
Binding off is effectively a series of adjacent decreases.
The simplest binding off method is to pass each knitted loop over the loop next to it. The final loop is secured by passing the knitting yarn through it, so it is best to start at the point furthest from the knitting yarn. This makes a tight edge, in contrast to other binding off methods that have a tendency to flare out. This method also does not require that the knitting yarn be nearby, so it can be done at any time or position, e.g., to form button holes.
The next simplest binding off is successive k2tog or p2tog stitches, or their counterparts k2tog tbl and p2tog tbl. In all these cases, the knitted stitch is returned to the left needle, to be combined with the following stitch.
Role in fabric shaping
Decreases are useful in shaping the edges of knitted pieces, and also in creating surface curvature in pieces, e.g., by creating darts.
External links
Videos from KnittingHelp.com
References
Hiatt, June Hemmons (1988). The Principles of Knitting. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.5865.
Reader's Digest Complete Guide to Needlework. Reader's Digest Association. 1979.
Vogue Knitting: The Ultimate Knitting Book. New York: Sixth and Spring Books. 2002.
Wiseman, Nancie M. (2002). The Knitter's Guide to Finishing Techniques. Woodinville, WA: Martingale & Company. pp.3442.
v?d?eKnitting
Tools and materials:
Boucl Eyelash yarn Knitting needle Needle gauge Novelty yarn Yarn Variegated yarn
Styles:
Circular Combined knitting Continental knitting English knitting Flat Warp knitting Weft knitting
Stitches:
Decrease Dip stitch Elongated stitch Increase Plaited stitch Yarn over
Techniques:
Basketweave Bead knitting Bias knitting Binding off Bobble Brioche knitting Buttonhole Cables Casting on Double knitting Drop-stitch knitting Entrelac Faggoting Fair Isle Finger knitting Gather Grafting Hemming Intarsia Lace Medallion knitting Picking up stitches Pleat Ribbing Shadow knitting Short row Slip-stitch knitting Spool knitting Tuck Uneven knitting Weaving Welting
Patterns:
Aran Argyle
Machine knitting:
Complete garment knitting Fully-fashioned knitting Knitting machine Stocking frame
Knitters anddesigners:
Nicky Epstein Kaffe Fassett Knitters in literature Marianne Kinzel William Lee Gwen Matthewman Shannon Okey Stephanie Pearl-McPhee Alice Starmore Debbie Stoller Meg Swansen Barbara G. Walker Elizabeth Zimmermann
Related:
Basic knitted fabrics Blocking Dye lot Gauge History Knitta Knitted fabric Knitting abbreviations Selvage Steek Stitch 'n Bitch
Categories: Knitting stitches
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Shake, Rattle & Roll X for Bag On Roll
Stationery:Water color pen WCP-018 ,
Shake, Rattle and Roll X
Directed by
Michael TuvieraTopel Lee
Produced by
Lily MonteverdeRoselle Monteverde-Teo
Starring
Marian RiveraDiana ZubiriKim ChiuGerald AndersonJean GarciaJC de Vera and Roxanne Guinoofor the complete cast see below
Distributed by
Regal Films
Release date(s)
December 25, 2008
Country
Philippines
Language
Filipino / Tagalog
Budget
TBA
Preceded by
Shake, Rattle and Roll 9
Followed by
Shake, Rattle & Roll 11
Shake, Rattle & Roll X is a Filipino horror-comedy film which was released in December 2008. It is the tenth installment of the Shake, Rattle & Roll film series. It is also distributed by Regal Films. It will be an official entry of the 34th Metro Manila Film Festival.
Contents
1 Synopsis
1.1 Emergency
1.2 Class picture
1.3 Nieves
2 Cast
3 Reception
3.1 Critical
3.2 Box-office
4 Trivia
5 References
6 External links
//
Synopsis
Emergency
When an obscure hospital becomes the target of wrathful blood hungry creatures (Mylene Dizon and Wendell Ramos), Jay (JC De Vera) the paramedic and his beloved Dr. Sarah (Roxanne Guinoo) must struggle together with other hospital residents to save their precious lives.
Class picture
Ten college students spend the weekend at their school to prepare an exhibit in exchange for lifting the suspension of their organization. But instead of getting busied with paper maches, and presentation, they find themselves haunted by the awakened spirit of a demented nun, Sr. Maria Belonia (Jean Garcia), who has put a curse on a class picture of her section in 1898.
Nieves
Nieves (Marian Rivera) is the town famous and lone Engkanto Slayer. When strange and unexplainable attacks began to strike the whole town, Nieves, teams up with her slayer in trainings: Junie (Robert "Buboy" Villar) and Kaysee (Jennica Garcia) to save the townsfolk from extinction.
Cast
Emergency
JC De Vera as Jay
Roxanne Guinoo as Dr. Sarah
Mylene Dizon as Aswang Wife
Wendell Ramos as Aswang Husband
Janus Del Prado as Dennis
Denise Laurel as Emily
John Lapus as Julius
Eri Neeman as Erick
Cris Daluz as Father
Class Picture
Kim Chiu as Joy
Gerald Anderson as Lui
Jean Garcia as Sister Maria Belona
Erich Gonzales as Anna
Eda Nolan as Blue
Prince Stefan as Greg
Andrea Torres as Issa
Charles Christianson as Tupak
Nina Jose as Nicole
IC Mendoza as Pinky
Stef Prescott as Pam
Ysa Villar as Sabel
Czarina Gonzalez as Adela
Joy Velasco as Crisel
Nieves
Marian Rivera as Nieves/Engkanto Slayer
Robert "Buboy" Villar as Junie
Jennica Garcia as Kaysee/Acacia in truth when she revealed her true appearance
Diana Zubiri as Acacia
Marco Alcaraz as Agtaya
Iwa Moto as Wai Lana
Luis Alandy as Dario
Desiree Del Valle as Mae Ann
Malou Crisologo as Aling Tasing
Mike "Pekto" Nacua as Adonis
Mart Escudero as Celso
Reception
Critical
Shake, Rattle and Roll X was viewed as a "mixed bag of stories that range in quality from poor to somewhat okay." The first story, "Emergency" lacked narrative, and had unnecessary character details that affected the pace. "Class Picture" was viewed as having strong Asian horror elements although its script failed to keep pace with the direction. The last entry, "Nieves" is described to be entertaining due to its solid script, carefully blended mythology with humor and an unforgettable performance from Marian Rivera. What made it unique was its use of comedy, which made it comparable to Buffy The Vampire Slayer.
Box-office
P13,100,000 (December 25, 2008)
P22,900,000 (December 26, 2008)
P35,400,000 (December 28, 2008)
P40,500,000 (December 29, 2008)
P45,700,000 (December 31, 2008)
P68,000,000 (January 7, 2009)
Robert Villar was awarded for Best Child Performer for playng the role Junie in this movie.
Trivia
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (March 2009)
Most of the casts (either mostly from Regal Babies or Star Magic alumni) are first-timers in this movie.
This series will be Roxanne Guinoo's third consecutive appearance in the film series.
Eugene Domingo is the first one considered to play Nieves but pulled out from it because of her other entry Ang Tanging Ina Ninyong Lahat. Domingo is replaced by Marian Rivera, who is also a lead star in Desperadas 2, another MMFF entry.
Eugene Domingo was originally tapped to lead the Nieves segment, as she was the personal choice of director Mike Tuviera. But a misunderstanding between Eugene's manager Ricky Gallardo and producer Lily Y. Monteverde over alleged talent fee prompted the actress to pull out from the project.
Marian Rivera reportedly had her foot injury after taping of Nieves due to her fight scenes.
References
^ SHAKE, RATTLE & ROLL X: THE BIGGEST & THE BEST retrieved from Regal Multimedia on 2008-10-21
^ Shake, Rattle & Roll X reinvents myth surrounding the aswang retrieved from Philippine Entertainment Portal on 2008-09-16
^ ABS CBN lends Kim Chiu and Gerald Anderson to Regal for Shake, Rattle & Roll X retrieved from Philippine Entertainment Portal on 2008-09-29
^ a b Tenth installment of Shake, Rattle & Roll is another casting coup retrieved from Philippine Entertainment Portal on 2008-10-22
^ FIRST READ ON PEP: Eugene Domingo pulled out from two Regal movies retrieved from Philippine Entertainment Portal on 2008-10-21
External links
Official website
Shake, Rattle and Roll X at the Internet Movie Database
v?d?eCinema of the Philippines
Films A-Z? Films by year: 1919 - 1939? 1940s? 1950s? 1960s? 1970s? 1980s? 1990s? 2000sActors? Awards? Directors? Cinematographers? Composers? Editors? Festivals? Producers? Screenwriters? Studios
Categories: 2008 films | Filipino films | Filipino horror films | Tagalog-language films | Comedy horror films
Hidden categories: Cleanup from January 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles with trivia sections from March 2009
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Graffiti Research Lab for Electrically Conductive Tape
usb flash drive ,
The Graffiti Research Lab
Nationality
American
Field
video, performance, new media art, street art, graffiti
Works
LASER Tag, LED Throwies
Graffiti Research Lab, founded by Evan Roth and James Powderly during their fellowships at the Eyebeam OpenLab, is an art group dedicated to outfitting graffiti writers, artists and protesters with open source technologies for urban communication. The members of the group experiment in a lab and in the field to develop and test a range of experimental technologies. They document those efforts with video documentation and DIY instructions for each project and make it available for everybody.
The Graffiti Research Lab is particularly well-known for inventing LED Throwies, which were likely the inspiration for the advertisers who distributed mooninites around Boston and Cambridge in the well-publicized 2007 Boston Mooninite Scare.
The Graffiti Research Lab is currently housed at Free Art & Technology Labs (a.k.a. FATLAB), a non-profit research lab that supports artists, engineers, designers and entertainers whose work directly enriches the public domain. (FATLAB website)
Localized cells were founded in Vienna, Amsterdam, and Mexico, copying and extending the work of the NY based organization. For example, the inventions are reproduced and deployed locally and the exhibition of the MBU at Prix Ars Electronica was done in cooperation with GRL Vienna. The cells cooperate and communicate, but are not one formal organization.
Contents
1 Inventions
2 Members
3 Exhibitions
4 References
5 External links
//
Inventions
LED throwies
GRL Mobile Broadcast Unit (MBU)
Laser tagging
LED Throwies
L.A.S.E.R. Tag, a computer vision system paired with a projector that enables one to write on walls using a high-power laser pointer.
Electrograf, a technique for building circuits on any surface using electrically conductive paint and/or tape
High Writer, an extension pole for tagging hard-to-reach locations, based on an initial design by Barry McGee.
Night Writer, for putting LED throwies in hard-to-reach locations by mounting them on a grid to write text.
Graffiti POV CAM
Homeland Security Advisory System, installed at 11 Spring Street in Soho, NYC
Members
Founders
Evan Roth
James Powderly
Collaborators
Bennett Williamson
Theo Watson
Steve Lambert
Jamie Wilkinson
Mike Baca
Todd Polenberg
Exhibitions
Prix Ars Electronica, Linz, Austria, (Official Website 2006), (Official Website 2007)
NUART, Stavanger, Norway, (Official Website 2006)
SIGGRAPH, Boston, USA, (Official Website 2006)
Maker Faire, SF Bay Area, USA,(Official Website 2006)
Transitio, Mexico City, Mexico, 2007, (Official Website)
Art Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2007, (Official Website)
OFFF, Barcelona, Spain, (Official Website 2007)
Open City, Eyebeam Atelier, NYC, 2007, (Official Website)
Sundance Film Festival, Park City, USA, 2008(Official Website)
Museum of Modern Art, New York City, USA, 2008 (Official Website)
References
^ GRL Vienna
^ GRL Amsterdam
^ GRL Mexico
External links
Graffiti Research Lab
Eyebeam
Artkrush.com feature on Graffiti Research Lab, January 2007
Article: Geek Graffiti Takes on New York
Article: The Writing's On the Wall (The Writing's Off the Wall) (New York Times)
Article: Graffiti Goes LED (Wired)
Article: Food for the Eyes and Ears (TIME)
Article: Graffiti by the (Extensively Analyzed) Numbers (New York Times)
Categories: American artist groups and collectives | Graffiti and unauthorised signage | American websites | Dutch websites
Hidden categories: Articles lacking reliable references from October 2008 | All articles lacking sources
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Linear Elamite for Linear Bearing System
UMPC, PDA, Mini notebook, hand computer, wifi function,embedded Linux and WinCE,External SD card to 2GB,extend GPS, Bluetooth ,
Ancient Near East portal
Linear Elamite is a Bronze Age writing system used in Elam, known from a few monumental inscriptions only. It was used contemporarily with Elamite Cuneiform and likely records the Elamite language.
It was in use for a brief period of time during the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BC. It is often claimed that Linear Elamite is a syllabic writing system derived from the older Proto-Elamite writing system, although this hasn't been proven. Linear Elamite has not been deciphered, in spite of several attempts, most notably that of Walther Hinz and Piero Meriggi.
There are only 22 known documents in Linear Elamite; they are identified by letters A-V (Hinz, 1969, pp. 11-44; Andre? and Salvini, 1989, pp. 58-61); of these, 19 are on stone and clay objects excavated in the acropolis at Susa (now kept in the Louvre in Paris).
The most important longer texts, partly bilingual, appear in monumental contexts. They are engraved on large stone sculptures, including a statue of the goddess Narunte (I), the "table au lion" (A), and large votive boulders (B, D), as well as on a series of steps (F, G, H, U) from a monumental stone stairway, where they alternated with steps bearing texts with Akkadian titles of Puzur-In?u?inak. A unique find is item Q, a silver vase with a single line of perfectly executed text, kept in the Tehran Museum. There are also a few texts on baked-clay cones (J, K, L), a clay disk (M), and clay tablets (N, O, R). Some objects (A, I, C) include both Linear Elamite and Akkadian cuneiform inscriptions. The bilingual and bigraphic inscriptions of the monumental stairway as a whole, and the votive boulder B have inspired the first attempts at decipherment of Linear Elamite (Bork, 1905, 1924; Frank, 1912).
References
B. Andre? and M. Salvini, "Rlexions sur Puzur-In?u?inak," Iranica Antiqua 24, 1989, pp. 53-72.
F. Bork, "Zur protoelamischen Schrift," OLZ 8, 1905, pp. 323-30.
F. Bork, Die Strichinschriften von Susa, K?nigsberg, 1924.
C. Frank, Zur Entzifferung der altelamischen Inschriften, Berlin, 1912.
W. Hinz, "Zur Entzifferung der elamischen Strichinschrift," Iranica Antiqua 2, 1962, pp. 1-21.
P. Meriggi, La scrittura proto-elamica, pt. 1, Rome, 1971.
External links
http://cdli.ucla.edu/wiki/index.php/Linear-Elamite
http://www.ancientscripts.com/elamite.html
Categories: Bronze Age writing systems | Undeciphered writing systems | Elamite language
Hidden categories: WikiProject Ancient Near East articles
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MIL STD 130 for dot marking machine
Electric Liquid Mosquito Destroyer ,
MIL STD 130 is a standard that is mandated by the DoD for any item to be UID compliant. MIL-STD-130 permits printing or marking the UID symbol with most of the conventional technologies used to produce a name plate or a label and this standard can be easily incorporated with any existing source or process. As per the DoD mandate, all assets and personal properties including assets in the possession of the contractors must be marked with a unique serialized identification number in compliant with MIL-STD-130.
MIL STD 130 standard requires all government furnished property in possession of contractors (PIPC), qualifying end item deliverables and legacy items ought to be marked with a machine readable 2D Data Matrix bar code. It doesn matter if a durable polyester label or a direct part mark technology such as dot peen, ink jet, laser etch or chemical etch are used; however, the bar code must meet printing or marking specifications.
Contents
1 Unique Identifier (UID)
2 Processes of Choosing MIL STD 130
3 Amendment to MIL STD 130
4 Specifications
5 External links
//
Unique Identifier (UID)
Unique identifier (UID), also referred as Item Unique Identification (IUID) in the DoD terminology, marks all tangible items in the form of a number, character string, or sequence of bits assigned to separate entity or its relevant attribute that uniquely distinguish it from other entities. Every unique identifier can have only one occurrence within its stipulated scope of use. As a matter of fact, the IUID is physically marked on tangible assets with the use of a 2D data matrix with ISO 15434 formats.
Processes of Choosing MIL STD 130
It is vital to use durable and permanent label solutions for UID compliant process. There are various types of UID labels and UID nameplates to choose from. The UID labels services provider should know which material will be appropriate for a particular item. The type of materials can range from aluminium, stainless steel, polyester or laser marked adhesive backed tape. However, the UID nameplates must meet MIL STD 130 standards. Usually, the UID number is very essential for meeting the MIL STD 130 standards.
With the UID Compliance system in accordance with MIL STD 130 standards, the UID-marking and UID scanning of each and every item have become more appropriate. Now the DoD can easily achieve hassle free monitoring of all the items at its disposal.
Amendment to MIL STD 130
On December 17, 2007, the DOD released MIL-STD-130N, which supersedes MIL-STD 130M.
MIL-STD-130M, a new standard was generated on 2 December 2005, when Department of Defense, which is responsible for identification marking of military properties of US made amendment on MIL-STD-130L standards. This new standard is designed in a more exhaustive manner than earlier MIL-STD-130L and much emphasis is given on MIL-STD-130M to provide better guidance. MIL-STD-130M standard is meant for both the Defense Department as well as for all Department Agencies.
Usually Non-Government standards are maintained for Machine-readable information or MRI, a vital tool for asset management for life-cycle products. In addition to MRI, MIL-STD-130M also emphasizes on free text item identification marking.
Specifications
There are certain engineering documentation terms of military products which might not go in accordance with the American Identification languages. The section 3 of the standard clearly specifies those terms and helps product designers in offering a lucid definition about the items created for military.
It is mandatory for product designers to develop their products by adhering to the criteria set by the MIL-STD-130M standard. Merely setting the definition of product in accordance with the standard is not enough. The product designers have to take care of everything to satisfy the criteria. The detailed process starts from the geographic location of the products and size of the products to entire application process. Item identification marking is also important aspect for the product designers; the marking should have a Personal Identification number (PIN) for the item that has been marked and the supplier name. Another important point for product designers, while acquiring for a particular product from the Government acquiring agencies, it is mandatory to show the purchase order number and the contract number.
External links
MIL STD 130 - ID Integration, Inc. (IDI)
UID2GO - UID2GO
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE STANDARD PRACTICE
Categories: Military of the United States standards
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Diamond core drill bit for deep hole drilling
Glass Fitting ,
(Redirected from Diamond core drill)
115mm diamond core drill bit
Diamond core drill bits (sometimes called diamond hole saws) are used to bore holes in brick, concrete, glass, and stone. They are not generally used with softer materials. The bit consists of a metal cylinder, usually relatively soft steel mounted on an arbor. Industrial diamonds are secured at the open end of the cylinder, using one of several methods, including nickel electroplating, vacuum brazing, and metal sintering. In the image, the impregnated diamonds are welded onto the metal segments attached to the end. The segments are thicker than the cylinder wall, so most of the bit does not rub in the hole being bored. The sloping slots in the cylinder wall help carry the dust out.
Diamond core drills can be used with or without water/coolant lubrication depending on the hardness of the material being drilled. Coolant will dramatically extend the life of diamond tools. The drill shown can cut a 115mm (4.5inch) diameter hole through a single-thickness brick wall in less than a minute, running at about 300 RPM. The resultant hole is very cleanly cut. Smaller diameter drills require faster speeds. An obvious advantage over conventional masonry drills is the core bit's efficiency since very little of the removed core must actually be abraded, the power and operator effort required to drill a very large hole is reduced enormously, and the capacity of a given portable drill greatly increased.
This form of core drill wanders hopelessly when presented to a flat surface. Drill presses will hold them secure. If drilling by hand, it needs a centering mechanism. The arbor can carry a masonry bit to bore a centering hole. (The version shown has a plain 10 mm (0.4inch) rod; a 10 mm masonry twist drill must first be used to drill the centering hole for the rod.) A wooden or stone template, a close fit for the cylinder, can also be used to guide the bit at the start of the cut. After the first few millimeters of cut, the centering mechanism may no longer be needed, although it will help the bit to bore without wandering in a deep hole.
Diamond core drill bits for use with portable drills are commonly available in diameters from 6 mm to 130 mm. The only limit on length of the cylinder, and thus depth of the hole, is the need to remove the bit from the hole to clear dust. 300mm (11.8inch) cylinder length is not uncommon, although shorter bits are usual. By breaking the core off from time to time and using a shank extension, a diamond core drill can drill to depths many times its length.
Some disadvantages quickly become apparent when using these bits:
The portable drill used must be capable of producing considerable torque at low speed
They tend to bind if choked with dust, or if allowed to wander away from the central axis of the planned hole
The kick-back from a powerful drill may be severe under some conditions, and long side-handles should be used, preferably with two operators for very large holes. Careful consideration should be given to this when using such equipment at height or in confined spaces, for obvious reasons.
See also
Hole saw
Diamond drilling porcelain for drilling tiles
Core drill
References
Categories: Drilling and threading
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from July 2007 | All articles lacking sources
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IS-95 for GPS 32 Channel
Cold Heading Wire (for common fastener) ,
Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) is the first CDMA-based digital cellular standard pioneered by Qualcomm. The brand name for IS-95 is cdmaOne. IS-95 is also known as TIA-EIA-95.
It is a 2G Mobile Telecommunications Standard that uses CDMA, a multiple access scheme for digital radio, to send voice, data and signaling data (such as a dialed telephone number) between mobile telephones and cell sites.
CDMA or "code division multiple access" is a digital radio system that transmits streams of bits (PN Sequences). CDMA permits several radios to share the same frequencies. Unlike TDMA "time division multiple access", a competing system used in 2G GSM, all radios can be active all the time, because network capacity does not directly limit the number of active radios. Since larger numbers of phones can be served by smaller numbers of cell-sites, CDMA-based standards have a significant economic advantage over TDMA-based standards, or the oldest cellular standards that used frequency-division multiplexing.
In North America, the technology competed with Digital AMPS (IS-136, a TDMA technology). It is now being supplanted by IS-2000 (CDMA2000), a later CDMA-based standard.
Contents
1 Protocol revisions
2 Protocol details
2.1 Physical layer
2.1.1 Forward broadcast channels
2.1.2 Forward traffic channels
2.1.3 Capacity
2.2 Layer 2
3 See also
4 References
//
Protocol revisions
cdmaOne's technical history is reflective of both its birth as a Qualcomm internal project, and the world of then-unproven competing digital cellular standards under which it was developed. The term IS-95 generically applies to the earlier set of protocol revisions, namely P_REV's one through five.
P_REV=1 was developed under an ANSI standards process with documentation reference J-STD-008. J-STD-008, published in 1995, was only defined for the then-new North American PCS band (Band Class 1, 1900 MHz). The term IS-95 properly refers to P_REV=1, developed under the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) standards process, for the North American cellular band (Band Class 0, 800 MHz) under roughly the same time frame. IS-95 offered interoperation (including handoff) with the analog cellular network. For digital operation, IS-95 and J-STD-008 have most technical details in common. The immature style and structure of both documents are highly reflective of the "standardizing" of Qualcomm's internal project.
P_REV=2 is termed Interim Standard 95A (IS-95A). IS-95A was developed for Band Class 0 only, as in incremental improvement over IS-95 in the TIA standards process.
P_REV=3 is termed Technical Services Bulletin 74 (TSB-74). TSB-74 was the next incremental improvement over IS-95A in the TIA standards process.
P_REV=4 is termed Interim Standard 95B (IS-95B) Phase I, and P_REV=5 is termed Interim Standard 95B (IS-95B) Phase II. The IS-95B standards track provided for a merging of the TIA and ANSI standards tracks under the TIA, and was the first document that provided for interoperation of IS-95 mobile handsets in both band classes (dual-band operation). PREV=4 was by far the most popular variant of IS-95, with P_REV=5 only seeing minimal uptake in South Korea.
P_REV=6 and beyond fall under the CDMA2000 umbrella. Besides technical improvements, the IS-2000 documents are much more mature in terms of layout and content. They also provide backwards-compatibility to IS-95.
Protocol details
The IS-95 standards describe an air interface, a set of protocols used between mobile units and the network. IS-95 is widely described as a three-layer stack, where L1 corresponds to the physical (PHY) layer, L2 refers to the Media Access Control (MAC) and Link-Access Control (LAC) sublayers, and L3 to the call-processing state machine.
Physical layer
IS-95 defines the transmission of signals in both the forward (network-to-mobile) and reverse (mobile-to-network) directions.
In the forward direction, radio signals are transmitted by base stations (BTS's). Every BTS is synchronized with a GPS receiver so transmissions are tightly controlled in time. All forward transmissions are QPSK with a chip rate of 1,228,800 per second. Each signal is spread with a Walsh code of length 64 and a pseudo-random noise code (PN code) of length 215, yielding a PN roll-over period of ms.
For the reverse direction, radio signals are transmitted by the mobile. Reverse link transmissions are OQPSK in order to operate in the optimal range of the mobile's power amplifier. Like the forward link, the chip rate is 1,228,800 per second and signals are spread with Walsh codes and the pseudo-random noise code, which is also known as a Short Code.
Forward broadcast channels
Every BTS dedicates a significant amount of output power to a pilot channel, which is an unmodulated PN sequence (in other words, spread with Walsh code 0). Each BTS sector in the network is assigned a PN offset in steps of 64 chips. There is no data carried on the forward pilot. With its strong autocorrelation function, the forward pilot allows mobiles to determine system timing and distinguish different BTS's for handoff.
When a mobile is "searching", it is attempting to find pilot signals on the network by tuning to particular radio frequencies, and performing a cross-correlation across all possible PN phases. A strong correlation peak result indicates the proximity of a BTS.
Other forward channels, selected by their Walsh code, carry data from the network to the mobiles. Data consists of network signaling and user traffic. Generally, data to be transmitted is divided into frames of bits. A frame of bits is passed through a convolutional encoder, adding forward error correction redundancy, generating a frame of symbols. These symbols are then spread with the Walsh and PN sequences and transmitted.
BTS's transmit a sync channel spread with Walsh code 32. The sync channel frame is ms long, and its frame boundary is aligned to the pilot. The sync channel continually transmits a single message, the Sync Channel Message, which has a length and content dependent on the P_REV. The message is transmitted 32 bits per frame, encoded to 128 symbols, yielding a rate of 1200 bit/s. The Sync Channel Message contains information about the network, including the PN offset used by the BTS sector.
Once a mobile has found a strong pilot channel, it listens to the sync channel and decodes a Sync Channel Message to develop a highly-accurate synchronization to system time. At this point the mobile knows whether it is roaming, and that it is "in service".
BTS's transmit at least one, and as many as seven, paging channels starting with Walsh code 1. The paging channel frame time is 20 ms, and is time aligned to the IS-95 system (ie. GPS) 2-second roll-over. There are two possible rates used on the paging channel: 4800 bit/s or 9600 bit/s. Both rates are encoded to 19200 symbols per second.
The paging channel contains signaling messages transmitted from the network to all idle mobiles. A set of messages communicate detailed network overhead to the mobiles, circulating this information while the paging channel is free. The paging channel also carries higher-priority messages dedicated to setting up calls to and from the mobiles.
When a mobile is idle, it is mostly listening to a paging channel. Once a mobile has parsed all the network overhead information, it registers with the network, then optionally enters slotted-mode. Both of these processes are described in more detail below.
Forward traffic channels
The Walsh space not dedicated to broadcast channels on the BTS sector is available for traffic channels. These channels carry the individual voice and data calls supported by IS-95. Like the paging channel, traffic channels have a frame time of...
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Alloy wheel for aluminum car wheels
Prepared Slide ,
(Redirected from Magnesium alloy wheel)
An 18inch Subaru alloy wheel
Alloy wheels are automobile (car, motorcycle and truck) wheels which are made from an alloy of aluminium or magnesium metals (or sometimes a mixture of both).
Contents
1 Characteristics
2 Aftermarket wheels
2.1 Aftermarket brands
3 Magnesium alloy wheels
4 References
5 See also
6 External links
//
Characteristics
Alloy wheels differ from normal steel wheels because of their lighter weight, which improves the steering and the speed of the car, however some alloy wheels are heavier than the equivalent size steel wheel. Alloy wheels are also better heat conductors than steel wheels, improving heat dissipation from the brakes, which reduces the chance of brake failure in more demanding driving conditions.
Alcoa's heavy-duty alloy wheel, for Buses and Trucks.
Alloy wheels are prone to Galvanic corrosion if appropriate preventive measures are not taken, which can in turn cause the tires to leak air. Also, alloy wheels are more difficult to repair than steel wheels when bent, but their higher price usually makes repairs cheaper than replacement and even severely damaged wheels can often be repaired to like new, though this depends on how badly the owner wishes to salvage the wheel and its intrinsic worth or availability.
For passenger vehicles, alloy wheels are not only for improved driving performance, they are also for cosmetic purposes. The alloy wheel itself is shiny and/or has an intricate design, so there is no need for paint or wheel covers. By contrast, steel wheels either have to be painted steel rims with a chromed wheel nut, or be hidden with plastic wheel covers.
Alloy wheels are more expensive to produce than standard steel wheels, and thus are not included as standard equipment on base models of many non-luxury vehicles, instead being marketed as optional add-ons or as part of a more expensive trim. However, alloy wheels have become considerably more common since the 2000s, now being offered on economy and subcompact cars, compared to a decade ago where alloy wheels were often not factory options on inexpensive vehicles. Alloy wheels have long been included as standard equipment on higher-priced luxury or sports cars, with larger-sized or "exclusive" alloy wheels being options. The high cost of alloy wheels have made them attractive to thieves; to counter this, automakers and dealers have issued wheel locks where one of the wheel nuts require a special key to remove.
A big advantage of alloy wheels is that balancing them is easy. The balancing weights are attached in the centre unlike steel wheels where they are attached at the edge of the rim. Thus wheel balance is not disturbed by tyre removal, etc.
There are different types of alloy wheels. Some are casted, which are the most commonly seen on the road, while others are forged. Forged wheels are lighter and stronger, yet much more expensive then casted alloy wheels. Forged wheels are typically purchased by enthusiasts, luxury/sport vehicle owners, or the affluent.
Aftermarket wheels
A sizeable selection of alloy wheels (sometimes improperly called "mags"ee below) are available to automobile owners who want lighter, prettier, rarer, and/or larger wheels on their cars, in order to increase performance, manipulate handling and suspension, and/or signify luxury, sportiness, or wealth. These wheels have become a part of pop culture (as with "dubs").
Aftermarket brands
Many aftermarket wheel brands include NAD Wheels, R2 Wheels, Lowenhart, DONZ, Rennen, Rial, Orobica Line, M.B Italia, Toora, G.M.P Italia, Vellano, MOZ, Wolfhart, Wolfrace, Panther Wheel, American Racing Wheels, Motegi Racing Performance Wheels, Weld Racing, BBS Wheels, 5Zigen, Volk Racing, Konig Wheels and Rimstock. Most aftermarket wheels are casted, while only a few above are forged, such as DONZ forged, Vellano, and Weld. Many companies have been formed over the years (some recently) due to the increasing demand from street racing enthusiasts and the rising demand for larger diameter wheels (including 34" wheels that are now produced by Twenty Inches Strong).
Casted aftermarket wheels have also been oversaturated due to the vast influx of inexpensive chrome wheels from China. India, through Synergies Castings Ltd. and other companies, of late have also emerged as a major supplier of alloy/chrome wheels. They manufacture products to global scale due to primarily cheap but highly skilled and qualified labour.
American Racing, which owns Motegi Racing and Weld Racing among other brands such as TIS, TIS Modular, is the oldest aftermarket wheel company dating back to 1956. The oldest British company is Wolfrace who was the first company to offer a polished alloy wheel in Europe and to achieve TUV approval. Wolfrace also provided the wheels for thrust SSC and the UK's land speed record bid. A recent trend in the industry includes joint venture partnerships being formed between offshore manufacturers and local importers/distributors such as PDW Wheels which started in Australia in 2006, amongst a few others. Most wheel brands are ultimately sold through dealers such as RhinoTuning.
Some "aftermarket" alloy wheels are/were also available as Original equipment manufacturer (OEM) fitments, with BBS being a notable original equipment supplier to Volkswagen.
Magnesium alloy wheels
Magnesium alloy wheel on a Porsche Carrera GT
Magnesium alloy wheels, or "mag wheels", are sometimes used on racing cars, in place of heavier steel or aluminum wheels, for better performance. The wheels are produced by one-step hot forging from a magnesium alloy known as ZK60, AZ31 or AZ91 (MA14 in Russia). Cast magnesium disks are used in motorcycle wheels.
The mass of typical magnesium automotive wheel is about 59kg (depending on size).
Magnesium wheels are flammable and have been banned in some forms of motorsport in the UK following fires which are very difficult to extinguish. Mag wheels have been known to catch fire in competition use after a punctured tyre has allowed prolonged scraping of the wheel on the road surface.[citation needed] Some variants of Magnesium alloy wheels may have low corrosion resistance.
They have the disadvantages of being rather expensive and not practical for most street vehicles. Aluminium wheels are often mistakenly called "mag wheels".
References
^ Wheelweights.Net
See also
Wheel
Wheel sizing
Hubcap
External links
SEMA (Specialty Equipment Marketing Association)
Calculate possible wheel sizes for your car
Alloy Wheel Guide - Useful UK article on Alloy Wheels.
Tire Rack Article: What is an Alloy Wheel?
Categories: Wheels | Automotive styling features
Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from March 2007 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since January 2008
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Crate for Aluminum Storage Box
PE Ground Cover Film ,
It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with Wooden box. (Discuss)
For other uses, see Crate (disambiguation).
A crate functions as an ad for the reopening of the Seattle Art Museum
A crate is a large container, often made of wood, often used to transport large, heavy or awkward items. A crate has a self-supporting structure, with or without sheathing. For a container to be a crate, all six of its sides must be put in place to result in the rated strength of the container.
Boxes and crates are often confused with one another; mostly when they are made of wood. Contrary to a crate, the strength of a wooden box is rated based on the weight it can carry before the cap (top, ends, and sides) is installed.
Contents
1 History
2 Construction
3 Design
4 ASTM Standards
5 Images
6 See also
7 Further Reading
//
History
The first documented writings in the US about shipping crates is in a 1930 handbook (Technical Bulletin No. 171) written by C. A. Plaskett for the US Department of Agriculture although his writing imply that crates were defined before that time. C. A. Plaskett was known for his extensive testing and defining of various components of transport packaging.
Construction
Although the definition of a wooden crate as compared to a wooden box is clear, construction of the two often result in a container that is not clearly a crate or a box. Both wooden crates and wooden boxes are constructed to contain unique items, the design of either a crate or box may result in the use of principles from both. In this case, the container typically will be defined by how the edges and corners of the container is constructed. If the sheathing (either plywood or lumber) can be removed, and a framed structure will remain standing, the container would likely be termed a crate. If removal of the sheathing resulted no way of fastening the lumber around the edges of the container, the container would likely be termed a wooden box.
Crates can be made of wood, plastic, metal or other materials. The term 'crate' often implies a large and/or strong container. Most plastic crates are smaller and are more commonly called a case or container. Metal is rarely used because of its weight. When metal is used, a crate is often constructed as an 'open crate' and may be termed a 'cage'. Although a crate may be made of any material, for these reasons, the term 'crate' used alone often implies one constructed of wood.
Design
There are many variations of wooden crate designs. By far the most common are 'closed', 'open' and 'framed'. A Closed Crate is one that is completely or nearly completely enclosed with material such as plywood or lumber boards. When lumber is used, gaps are often left between the boards to allow for expansion. An Open Crate is one that (typically) uses lumber for sheathing. The sheathing is typically gapped by at various distances. There is no strict definition of an open crate as compared to a closed crate. Typically when the gap between boards is greater than the distance required for expansion, the crate would be considered an open crate. The gap between boards would typically not be greater than the width of the sheathing boards. When the gap is larger, the boards are often considered 'cleats' rather than sheathing thus rendering the crate unsheathed. An unsheathed crate is a frame crate. A Frame Crate is one that only contains a skeletal structure and no material is adde
d for surface or pilferage protection. Typically an open crate will be constructed of 12 pieces of lumber, each along an outer edge of the content and more lumber placed diagonally to avoid distortion from torque.
When any type crate reaches a certain size, more boards may be added. These boards are often called Cleats. A cleat is used to provide support to a panel when that panel has reached a size that is may require added support based on the method of transportation. Cleats may be placed anywhere between the edges of a given panel. On crates, cleat placement is often determined by the width of the plywood used on plywood sheathed crates. On other crates, cleats are often evenly spaced as required to strengthen the panel. Sometimes two cleats are added across the top panel of a crate placed as needed to give the top of the crate added strength where lifting chains or straps may press on the crate while lifting.
Cleats may have more specific names based on added benefit they provide. Some published standards only use those more descriptive terms and may never refer to these various lumber components as cleats. For example, lumber placed under the top of a wood container to add support for a large top are called "joists". Lumber is built into the mid-section of the top of a wood container to strengthen the top are called "cleats". When the cleats are enlarged and constructed to support a large top, they may generically be termed "cleats" or more specifically be termed "joists".
"Skids" or thick bottom runners, are sometimes specified to allow forklift trucks access for lifting.
Transportation methods and storage conditions must always be considered when designing a crate. Every step of the transportation chain will result in different stresses from shock and vibration. Differences in pressure, temperature and humidity may not only adversely affect the content of the crate, but also will have an effect on the holding strength of the fasteners (mostly the nails and staples) in the crate.
Although the above definition most always stands true, there are many slightly altered or 'sub-definitions' used by and in various organizations, agencies and documents. This is the result of the small size of the industry and the fact that a single, finite definition of an item that is different every time it is made can be difficult to define.
IATA, the International Air Transport Association, for example, doesn't allow crates on airplanes because it defines a crate as an open transport container. Although a crate can be of the Open or Framed variety, having no sheathing, a Closed crate is not open and is equally as safe to ship in as a wooden box, which is allowed by IATA.
In general conversation, the term crate is often used to denote wooden boxes and crates simply to shorten the term however in commercial use; the misuse of the term could result in a container that is not suitable for its intended use.
ASTM Standards
D6039 Standard Specification for Crates, Wood, Open and Covered
D6179 Standard Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
D6199 Quality of Wood Members of Containers and Pallet
D6253 Treatment and/or Marking of Wood Packaging Merials
D6255 Standard Specification for Steel or Aluminum Slotted Angle Crates
Images
A rough handmade crate
An open style crate
A sheathed (closed) plywood crate
A sheathed (closed) lumber crate
See also
Packaging
Milk crate
Case
Container
Caj
Tea chest
Further Reading
McKinlay, A. H., "Transport Packaging",IoPP, 2004
Brody, A. L., and Marsh, K, S., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 1997, ISBN 0-471-06397-5
Categories: Containers
Hidden categories: All articles to be merged | Articles to be merged since August 2008
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John Alexander Brodie for Football Goal Net
Trailer Net, Rope ,
For other persons named John Brodie, see John Brodie (disambiguation).
John Alexander Brodie
Personal information
Name
John Alexander Brodie
Nationality
British
Birth date
1858
Date of death
1934
Work
Engineering Discipline
Civil
Institution memberships
Institution of Civil Engineers (president),
John Alexander Brodie (1858 1934) was a British civil engineer.
Brodie began his professional career in 1875 working in the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board engineering department under Chief Engineer George Fosbery Lyster, following this he set up a private consultancy and spent some time working in Spain. In 1891 he invented the goal net for use in football matches and he said that this was the invention of which he was the most proud. Brodie returned to Liverpool in 1898 as the city engineer suggesting several improvements for the town such as a ring road, electric trams and the East Lancashire Road.
He was at the fore front of pre-fabricated housing technology promoting the use of pre-cast reinforced concrete slabs as a means of building houses quickly and cheaply, he presented an example of this technique to the Cheao Cottages Exhibition at Letchworth where many examples of this kind of building can be found to this day. The design attracted attention from across the world and he is known to have influenced Grosvenor Atterbury who used a similar technique to build the houses at Forest Hills Gardens.
Brodie was also interested in town planning and this was recognised in 1912 when he was asked to help select the site of and plan New Delhi. He visited India twice for this purpose and in 1931 was invited to the official opening ceremony by the Viceroy owing to the high regard that Edwin Lutyens, the chief planner had for him.
He served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers between 1920 and 1921, becoming the first local authority engineer to receive the accolade. He was also an Associate Professor of Engineering at Liverpool University and vice-president of the Liverpool Self-Propelled Traffic Association which would later become a constituent of the Royal Automobile Club.
After his death in 1934 Liverpool City Council named Brodie Avenue in his honour.
References
^ a b c d e f g Mersey Gateway biography
^ British Council history of football
^ http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/blue-plaque-for-man-who-invented-football-goal-net-707003.html
^ Watson, Garth (1988), The Civils, London: Thomas Telford Ltd, p.252, ISBN 0-727-70392-7
^ Liverpool Pictoral road names list
Professional and academic associations
PrecededbyJohn Griffith
President of the Institution of Civil EngineersNovember 1920 November 1921
SucceededbyWilliam Barton Worthington
Categories: British civil engineers | 1858 births | 1934 deaths | Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
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Balun for Ferrite Core Transformer
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Pair of 120 Ohm twisted pair (Krone IDC) to 75 Ohm coaxial cable balun transformers. Actual length is about 3cm.
A balun, pronounced /?b?l.?n/ ("bal-un"), is a type of electrical transformer that can convert electrical signals that are balanced about ground (differential) to signals that are unbalanced (single-ended) and vice versa. They are also often used to change impedance.
Baluns can take many forms and their presence is not always obvious. They always use electromagnetic coupling for their operation.
Contents
1 Types of balun
1.1 Autotransformer type
1.2 Classical transformer type
1.3 Transmission-line transformer type
1.4 Delay line type
2 Alternatives to baluns
3 Applications
3.1 Radio
3.2 Video
3.3 Audio
4 See also
5 References
//
Types of balun
Autotransformer 4:1 wideband balun using two windings on a ferrite rod.
Autotransformer type
In an autotransformer, two coils on a ferrite rod can be used as a balun by winding the individual strands of enameled wire comprising the coil very tightly together. This winding can take one of two forms: either the two windings must be wound such that the two form a single layer where each turn is touching each of the adjacent turns of the other winding; or the two wires are twisted together before being wound into the coil.
Isolated transformer
Classical transformer type
Isolated transformers have a real impedance at a resonance frequency where self-inductance and self-capacitance for each individual winding cancel themselves out.
Transmission-line transformer type
Baluns can be considered as simple forms of transmission line transformers.
A more complex (and subtle) type results when the transformer type (magnetic coupling) is combined with the transmission line type (electro-magnetic coupling). This is where whole transmission lines are used as windings, resulting in devices capable of very wideband operation. This whole class known generally as "Transmission Line Transformers" spawn their own huge variety. Very commonly, they use small ferrite cores in toroidal or "binocular" shapes. Something as simple as 10 turns of coaxial cable coiled up on a diameter about the size of a dinner plate makes an extremely effective choke balun for frequencies from about 10MHz to beyond 30 MHz. The magnetic material may be "air", but it is a transmission line transformer.
Homemade 1:1 balun using a toroidal core and coaxial cable. This simple RF choke works as a balun by preventing signals passing along the outside of the braid. Such a device can be used to cure television interference by acting as a braid-breaker.
The Guanella transmission line transformer is often combined with a balun to change impedance. Putting balancing aside a 1:4 transformer of this type consists of a 75 Ohm transmission line divided in parallel into two 150 Ohm cables, which are then combined in series for 300 Ohm. It is implemented as a specific wiring around the ferrite core of the balun.
Delay line type
A large class of baluns uses connected transmission lines of specific lengths, with no obvious "transformer" part. These are usually built for (narrow) frequency ranges where the lengths involved are some multiple of a quarter wavelength of the intended frequency in the transmission line medium. A common application is in making a coaxial connection to a balanced antenna, and designs include many types involving coaxial loops and variously connected "stubs".
One easy way to make a balun is a one-half wavelength (?/2) length of coaxial cable. The inner core of the cable is linked at each end to one of the balanced connections for a feeder or dipole. One of these terminals should be connected to the inner core of the coaxial feeder. All three braids should be connected together. This then forms a 4:1 balun which works at only one frequency.
Another narrow band design is to use a ?/4 length of metal pipe. The coaxial cable is placed inside the pipe; at one end the braid is wired to the pipe while at the other end no connection is made to the pipe. The balanced end of this balun is at the end where the pipe is wired to the braid. The ?/4 conductor acts as a transformer converting the infinite impedance at the unconnected end into a zero impedance at the end connected to the braid. Hence any current entering the balun through the connection, which goes to the braid at the end with the connection to the pipe, will flow into the pipe. This balun design is not good for low frequencies because of the long length of pipe that will be needed. An easy way to make such a balun is to paint the outside of the coax with conductive paint, then to connect this paint to the braid.
Alternatives to baluns
An RF choke can be used in place of a balun. If a coil is made using coaxial cable near to the feed point of a balanced antenna then the RF current that flows on the outer surface of the coaxial cable can be attenuated. One way of doing this would be to wrap a lossy material, such as ferrite around the coaxial cable;
Applications
A balun's function is generally to achieve compatibility between systems, and as such, finds extensive application in modern communications, particularly in realising frequency conversion mixers to make cellular phone and data transmission networks possible. They are also used to convert an E1 carrier signal from coaxial cable to UTP CAT-5 cable.
Radio
A 75-to-300 ohm balun built into the antenna plug.
In television, amateur radio, and other antenna installations and connections, baluns convert between 300 ohm ribbon cable (balanced) and 75 ? coaxial cable (unbalanced) or to directly connect a balanced antenna to (unbalanced) coax. To avoid EMC problems it is a good idea to connect a centre fed dipole antenna to coaxial cable via a balun. Match 300 ? twin-lead cable to 75 ? coaxial cable
In electronic communications, baluns convert Twinax cables to Category 5 cables, and back, or they convert between coaxial cable and ladder line.
In measuring the impedance or radiation pattern of a balanced antenna using a coaxial cable, it is important to place a balun between the cable and the antenna feed. Unbalanced currents that may otherwise flow on the cable will make the measured antenna impedance sensitive to the configuration of the feed cable, and the radiation pattern of small antennas may be distorted by radiation from the cable.
Baluns are present in radars, transmitters, satellites, in every telephone network, and probably in most wireless network modem/routers used in homes. It can be combined with transimpedance amplifiers to compose high-voltage amplifiers out of low-voltage components.
Video
While not as high as most RF applications, baseband video still uses frequencies up to several megahertz. Since this bandwidth is now well within range of modern twisted-pair cables, they are now being used to send video which would otherwise run over coaxial cable. Many better security cameras now have both a balanced UTP output and an unbalanced coaxial one via an internal balun, though any camera can be used with an external balun. A balun is also used on the video recorder end to convert back from the 100-ohm balanced to 75-ohm unbalanced. A balun of this type has a BNC connector with two screw terminals.
Audio
Three audio baluns (transformers).
In audio applications, baluns convert between high impedance (see Nominal impedance) unbalanced and low impedance balanced lines.
Except for the connections, the three devices in the image are electrically identical, but only the leftmost two can be used as baluns. The device on the left would normally be used to connect a high...
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Regenerative brake for Electric Brake Motor
alternator pulley ,
A regenerative brake is a mechanism that reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into another useful form of energy. This captured energy is then stored for future use or fed back into a power system for use by other vehicles.
For example, electrical regenerative brakes in electric railway vehicles feed the generated electricity back into the supply system. In battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles, the energy is stored in a battery or bank of capacitors for later use. Other forms of energy storage which may be used include compressed air and flywheels.
Regenerative braking should not be confused with dynamic braking, which dissipates the electrical energy as heat and thus is less energy efficient.
Contents
1 Limitations
2 The motor as a Generator
3 Electric railway vehicle operation
4 Comparison of dynamic and regenerative brakes
5 Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems
5.1 Use in motor sport
5.1.1 FIA
5.1.2 Motorcycles
5.1.3 History
5.1.4 Races
5.1.5 Autopart makers
5.1.6 Carmakers
6 Use in compressed air cars
7 See also
8 References
//
Limitations
Traditional friction-based braking is still used with electrical regenerative braking for the following reasons:
The regenerative braking effect rapidly reduces at lower speeds, therefore the friction brake is still required in order to bring the vehicle to a complete halt, although malfunction of a dynamo can still provide resistance for a while.
The friction brake is a necessary back-up in the event of failure of the regenerative brake.
Most road vehicles with regenerative braking only have power on some wheels (as in a 2WD car) and regenerative braking power only applies to such wheels, so in order to provide controlled braking under difficult conditions (such as in wet roads) friction based braking is necessary on the other wheels.
The amount of electrical energy capable of dissipation is limited by either the capacity of the supply system to absorb this energy or on the state of charge of the battery or capacitors. No regenerative braking effect can occur if another electrical component on the same supply system is not currently drawing power and if the battery or capacitors are already charged. For this reason, it is normal to also incorporate dynamic braking to absorb the excess energy.
Under emergency braking it is desirable that the braking force exerted be the maximum allowed by the friction between the wheels and the surface without slipping, over the entire speed range from the vehicle's maximum speed down to zero. The maximum force available for acceleration is typically much less than this except in the case of extreme high-performance vehicles. Therefore, the power required to be dissipated by the braking system under emergency braking conditions may be many times the maximum power which is delivered under acceleration. Traction motors sized to handle the drive power may not be able to cope with the extra load and the battery may not be able to accept charge at a sufficiently high rate. Friction braking is required to absorb the surplus energy in order to allow an acceptable emergency braking performance.
For these reasons there is typically the need to control the regenerative braking and match the friction and regenerative braking to produce the desired total braking output. The GM EV-1 was the first commercial car to do this. Engineers Abraham Farag and Loren Majersik were issued 2 patents for this 'Brake by Wire' technology.
The motor as a Generator
Regenerative braking utilizes the fact that an electric motor can also act as a generator. The vehicle's electric traction motor is operated as a generator during braking and its output is supplied to an electrical load. It is the transfer of energy to the load which provides the braking effect.
An early example of this system was the Energy Regeneration Brake, developed in 1967 for the Amitron. This was a completely battery powered urban concept car whose batteries were recharged by regenerative braking, thus increasing the range of the automobile.
Electric railway vehicle operation
During braking, the traction motor connections are altered to turn them into electrical generators. The motor fields are connected across the main traction generator (MG) and the motor armatures are connected across the load. The MG now excites the motor fields. The rolling locomotive or multiple unit wheels turn the motor armatures, and the motors act as generators, either sending the generated current through onboard resistors (dynamic braking) or back into the supply (regenerative braking)For a given direction of travel, current flow through the motor armatures during braking will be opposite to that during motoring. Therefore, the motor exerts torque in a direction that is opposite from the rolling direction.
Braking effort is proportional to the product of the magnetic strength of the field windings, times that of the armature windings.
Savings of 17% are claimed for Virgin Trains Pendolinos. There is also less wear on friction braking components. The Delhi Metro saved around 90000 tonnes of Carbon Dioxide from being released into the atmosphere by regenerating 112,500 Megawatt hours of electricity through the use of regenerative braking systems during between 2004 and 2007. It is expected that the Delhi Metro will save over 100,000 tons of Carbon Dioxide from being emitted per year once its phase II is complete through the use of regenerative braking.
Comparison of dynamic and regenerative brakes
Main article: Dynamic brake
Dynamic brakes ("rheostatic brakes" in the UK), unlike regenerative brakes, dissipate the electric energy as heat by passing the current through large banks of variable resistors. Vehicles that use dynamic brakes include forklifts, Diesel-electric locomotives and streetcars. If designed appropriately, this heat can be used to warm the vehicle interior. If dissipated externally, large radiator-like cowls are employed to house the resistor banks.
The main disadvantage of regenerative brakes when compared with dynamic brakes is the need to closely match the generated current with the supply characteristics. With DC supplies, this requires that the voltage be closely controlled. Only with the development of power electronics has this been possible with AC supplies, where the supply frequency must also be matched (this mainly applies to locomotives where an AC supply is rectified for DC motors).
A small number of mountain railways have used 3-phase power supplies and 3-phase induction motors. This results in a near constant speed for all trains as the motors rotate with the supply frequency both when motoring and braking.
Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems
Kinetic Energy Recovery Systems (KERS) are currently under development both for F1 motor sport and road vehicles. The concept of transferring the vehicle kinetic energy using Flywheel energy storage was postulated by physicist Richard Feynman in the 1950s and is exemplified in complex high end systems such as the Zytek, Flybrid, Torotrak and Xtrac used in F1 and simple, easily manufactured and integrated differential based systems such as the Cambridge Passenger/Commercial Vehicle Kinetic Energy Recovery System (CPC-KERS)
Xtrac & Flybrid are both licensees of Torotrak's technologies, which employ a small and sophisticated ancillary gearbox incorporating a continuously variable transmission (CVT). The CPC-KERS is similar as it also forms part of the driveline assembly. However, the whole mechanism including the flywheel sits entirely in the vehicle hub (looking like a drum brake). In the CPC-KERS, a differential replaces the CVT and transfers torque between the flywheel, drive...
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Vacancy (film) for car dvd monitors
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Vacancy
Promotional poster for Vacancy
Directed by
Nimr Antal
Produced by
Stacy CramerHal LiebermanBrian Paschal
Written by
Mark L. Smith
Starring
Luke WilsonKate BeckinsaleFrank Whaley
Music by
Paul Haslinger
Cinematography
Andrzej Sekula
Editing by
Armen Minasian
Distributed by
Screen GemsSony Pictures (UK)
Release date(s)
April 20, 2007June 15, 2007 (UK)
Running time
80 min
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$19 million
Gross revenue
$35,300,645
Followed by
Vacancy 2: The First Cut
Vacancy is a 2007 horror/thriller, which stars Luke Wilson and Kate Beckinsale. It was distributed by Screen Gems and was released to the public on April 20, 2007. Production was scheduled to commence in August 2006 with Nimr Antal signing on to direct it.
Early in the film's development, it was thought that Sarah Jessica Parker was going to be in the film. A September 2006 article in The Hollywood Reporter announced that Kate Beckinsale had signed on to replace Parker.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Reception
3 DVD release
4 Advertising and promotion
5 Prequel
6 References
7 External links
//
Plot
A distraught couple, David (Luke Wilson) and Amy Fox (Kate Beckinsale) take a wrong turn on a remote mountain road and they decide to check into an isolated motel in the middle of nowhere supervised by Mason (Frank Whaley). They realize they are in a cell phone dead zone with no reception.
While in their room, a bored David takes a peek at the video tapes left on top of the television. As he watches the tapes he realizes they are snuff films, taken in the same room in which they are staying. The couple are alarmed and David runs to the motel's payphone booth only to be crashed by their own car. David escapes and runs back into the room. The couple decide to lock themselves in the room when they notice a truck pull in. They try to warn the truck's driver only to find out that he's the buyer of the snuff films and is also one of the killers.
David and Amy then escape into a tunnel that they discovered in the bathroom of their room. Two masked killers chase them inside the tunnel but they miss them. David and Amy find themselves inside the manager's lair where they find video monitors taping the entire hotel. Amy tries to make a call to 911 but is interrupted. The couple sneak back in the tunnel, making their way into a storage room. Meanwhile the police unit from 911 arrives and David and Amy run to him as he checks the rooms. They all get inside the police car but it won't start and the killers kill the policeman. The couple run into a motel room. David hides Amy inside the ceiling as he ventures out. The killers catch David and stab him and he ends up lying at the doorway, unconscious. When morning comes, Amy finally comes down from the ceiling and finds where killers hid their car. A killer breaks into the car from the roof as Amy drives away and another killer gets pinned into the grill of the car. Amy crashe
s the car into a motel room killing both of the killers. Amy runs into the reception area where she is attacked by Mason who is now totally enraged. As they fight, Amy comes crashing down the floor where she picks up a gun. She shoots Mason three times killing him. Amy makes another call to 911 and caresses David, who is barely conscious but alive.
Reception
Vacancy opened at #4 in its first week at the box office grossing $7.6 million at 2,551 locations. In its second week, the film had a 45.9% drop-off, falling to a #8 position. The film has grossed a total of $28.4 million worldwide. The film received mixed reviews with Rotten Tomatoes giving the film an average rating of 55%. "Vacancy's restraint with gore is commendable", said one critic. Oddly, the usually-tougher Rotten Tomatoes "Cream of the Crop" raters scored it a "fresh," average of 63%.
DVD release
Vacancy was released on DVD on August 14, 2007 in both fullscreen and anamorphic widescreen, with Dolby Digital 5.1 audio. Special features include deleted scenes, a making-of featurette, the full versions of the snuff films, and a trailer gallery. It was also released on Blu-ray Disc and UMD for the Sony PSP. Many versions shipped to Australia featured Sony DVD 'anti-piracy' technology, which led to them being unreadable on most DVD players including Sony DVD players.
Advertising and promotion
The advertising strategy for the film has made use of the Internet as well as a toll free phone number. In addition to the TV spots and trailers shown in theaters and on television, the toll free number is made to sound as if one is actually calling the motel in which the film is placed. In the background, screaming can be heard accompanying the voice of the proprietor, who informs callers about "slashing" prices and the "killer" deals that the motel has-- that is, if it is not vacant. The toll free phone number for the ad is 1-888-9-VACANCY (1-888-9-8222629).
In addition, the phone call also refers the caller to the film's website, which is also set up to be the site of the actual motel. After calling, one is given a "promotional code" (8889) which can be entered at the website http://www.1-888-9-vacancy.com/, which then shows previews of the snuff films that the motel proprietor and various people created, taken from the set. It was assisted and directed by Julie Tsaruhas.
Prequel
Main article: Vacancy 2: The First Cut
Vacancy 2: The First Cut is written by Mark L. Smith, the same writer from the first film, and directed by Eric Bross. The film stars Agnes Bruckner and Trevor Wright. The prequel focuses on the events happened before the first film, where it will show how the motel's employees started their crazy intentions.
References
^ ""Kate Beckinsale joins Vacancy"". http://cinescape.com/0/editorial.asp?aff_id=0&this_cat=Movies&action=page&type_id=&cat_id=270338&obj_id=52219. Retrieved on 2006-01-02.
^ Vacancy (2007)
^ Vacancy Movie Reviews, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes
External links
Official website
Vacancy at the Internet Movie Database
Vacancy at Allmovie
Vacancy at Rotten Tomatoes
Vacancy - Nimr Antal - Interview in the Dark on IFILM
Categories: 2007 films | Psychological thriller films | Slasher films | American horror films | English-language films | Screen Gems films | Films shot in Super 35 | 2000s horror films
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Big King for big pocket bike
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Big King
Servingsize
1 sandwich (196 g)
Calories
490
Totalfat
28 g (43%)
Saturatedfat
11 g (60%)
Transfat
1 g
Cholesterol
85 mg (%)
Sodium
700 mg (%)
Totalcarbohydrate
32 g (11%)
Dietaryfiber
2 g (8%)
Sugars
7 g
Protein
27 g
Source
Burger King Canada
Notes
1. The% Daily Values are based on a 2000 calorie diet. 2. All data displayed follow the Canadian Food and Drug Act and Regulation regarding the rounding of nutritional data.
The Big King sandwich is a hamburger sold by the international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King. It is one of their products oriented to late teen to young adult males.
Contents
1 Product description
1.1 Variants
2 History
2.1 Advertising
2.2 Naming and trademarks
3 References
4 See also
//
Product description
The Big King is a hamburger, consisting of two (2) grilled beef patties, sesame seed bun, King Sauce (a Thousand Island dressing variant), iceberg lettuce, onions, pickles and two (2) slices of American cheese. The product has been discontinued in United States and Canada but is available in other regions such as Norway, Sweden, Brazil, Spain, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey .
Variants
The Big King originally was configured identically to the McDonald's Big Mac with the three (3) piece roll. It was reformulated later as a standard double burger.
The Big King (alias)
The Double Supreme (alias)
The King Supreme (alias)
The King Supreme Jr. (Single hamburger patty)
Hambger Supremo (Brazilian version of King Supreme Jr.)
The Big King XXL (a 1/2 pound Big King, with two Whopper patties)
History
Originally, the burger had a look and composition that resembled the Big Mac: it had two beef patties, "King" sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles and onions on a three-part sesame seed bun. Because its patties are flame-broiled and larger than McDonald's grill fried, seasoned hamburger patties and the different formulation of the "King Sauce" vs. McDonald's "Special sauce", the sandwich had a similar, but not exact, taste and different caloric content. Burger King eventually reformulated the sandwich to use a standard hamburger roll, presumably as a cost measure.
The Big King was first created in 1998. During its initial launch period in 1996, it was called the Double Supreme Cheeseburger, but later was renamed as the Big King when it was relaunched a year later. In 2001, the company re-branded it to the current King Supreme name as part of a menu reorganization designed to better compete with a similar planned menu expansion at McDonald's early the next year. While the sandwich was discontinued in the United States in 2003, sales continued in Canada and parts of Europe. The sandwich was also modified in Canada and parts of South and Central America to include as single patty version and a larger version, called the King Supreme XXL, in Europe. The larger version drew the ire of the Spanish government because its overly large portion size, 1/2 pound (226.8g), and high levels of fat, calories and sodium.
Recently BK has begun to sell a new sandwich line called the BK Stacker, which has drawn some comparisons to the Big King. However, the sandwich does not contain vegetables and includes bacon.
Advertising
The King Supreme debut with an advertising campaign created by the McCaffery Ratner Gottlieb & Lane agency which featured blues legend B.B. King. The ads pushed the companies lunch and dinner periods as the best time to have the sandwich and had King doing a voice over in which he alternately talked or sang about the sandwiches.
The company's online advertising program in Spain states that the BK XXL line as being made "with two enormous portions of flame-broiled meat that will give you all the energy you need to take the world by storm." This claim combinded with the television advertising were the prime motivators behind the Spanish government's concerns with the XXL sandwich line. The government claimed that campaign violated an agreement with the government to comply with an initiative on curbing obesity by promoting such a large and unhealthy sandwich. In response to the government's claims, Burger King replied in a statement: "In this campaign, we are simply promoting a line of burgers that has formed part of our menu in recent years. Our philosophy can be summed up with the motto 'As you like it,' in which our customers' taste trumps all." The company went on to say the it offers other healthier items such as salads and that customers are free to choose their own foods and modify them as the d
esire.
Naming and trademarks
The name Big King is a common law mark of Burger King Holdings and is displayed with the raised "TM" (?) symbol in the US and Canada. In Brazil it is a registered trademark of Burger King Corporation and is displayed with the ? symbol. Burger King currently does not have any trademarks on the Big King line of sandwiches in Europe.
References
^ Arthur Lubow (1998-04-19). "Steal This Burger". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E1D9113DF93AA25757C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print. Retrieved on 2007-12-04. "Burger King reports that in blind tastings consumers prefer its recently introduced Big King to the Big Mac by a wide margin."
^ Amy Zuber (2001-12-17). "Listen up, Mac: BK aims to reign supreme, orders menu changes". Nation's Restaurant News. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_51_35/ai_80953023. Retrieved on 2007-12-04. "The new "King Supreme" -- which will replace Burger King's poor-selling Big King--is similar to the Big Mac except that the burger will be flame-broiled and topped with a different sauce and no middle bun will be used, according to BK spokesman Rob Doughty."
^ a b AP Wire (2006-11-16). "Spain Nixes Burger King Ad". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/11/16/ap/health/mainD8LE8I081.shtml. Retrieved on 2007-09-26.
^ "Burger King Launches BB King Ad Campaign". Restaurant Business News. 2002-01-14. http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/eating-drinking-places/4267565-1.html. Retrieved on 2007-12-04. ""When we developed these new sandwiches, we asked him [BB King] to star in the commercials to lend his musical talent and to acknowledge our customers' tastes not only in food but also in music.""
See also
Whopper
BK Stacker
Similar sandwiches by other vendors:
Big Mac
v?d?eBurger King
People
Brad Blum Greg Brenneman Norman E. Brinker Jeff Campbell Jack Cowin David Edgerton James McLamore Donald N. Smith
Products
Beef
Angus or Steakhouse burger Big King BK Stacker Rodeo Cheeseburger Whopper BK XXL
Chicken
BK Chicken Fries BK Chicken Tenders Original Chicken TenderCrisp TenderGrill BK Crown Jewels line BK Baguette line Chick'n Crisp
Other
BK Big Fish BK Veggie Spicy Bean Burger Croissan'Wich Enormous Omelet
Advertising
Coq Roq The Subservient Chicken Ugoff The Burger King The Whopperettes The Whoppers Where's Herb? BK Tee Vee Burger King Kingdom Sneak King Big Bumpin' PocketBike Racer
Franchises andrelated topics
Army and Air Force Exchange Service AmRest Beurger King Muslim Burger King (Mattoon, Illinois) Carrols Corporation Heartland Foods Hungry Jack's Olayan Group Wimpy
Legal issues
Burger King Corporation v Hungry Jack's Burger King v. Rudzewicz
Nutrition
USA (regional product ingredients low calorie data low carb data eating strategy data) Australia (Hungry Jack's) Brazil Canada New Zealand
Annual revenue ?$2.05 billion USD(2006) Employees 340,000(2005) Stock...
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Promotional recording for Single CD Case
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A promotional recording, or promo (recently known as a radio single), is a recording issued on vinyl, CD, cassette tape, VHS, or DVD and distributed free in order to promote a commercial recording. Promos are usually sent out to music radio and television stations. In the UK promo recordings are also sent out to music journalists and reviewers in advance of the official release date so that their reviews will appear in the current publications. They are often distributed in plain white packaging, without the text or artwork that appears on the commercial version. Typically a promo is marked with some variation of the following text: "Licensed for promotional use only. Sale is prohibited." It may also state: "Item is to be returned to the distributor upon demand."
Before the advent of formats other than vinyl records, a type of promo surfaced known as an "acetate". These records were made of a cheaper and lower quality acetate vinyl. They were generally made in very low quantity and often had hand-written labels. Frequently they were only a test pressing, and thus were called "promo acetate test pressings". In modern usage the term "acetate" or "promo acetate" usually refers to a cheaply manufactured CD-R made up to efficiently promote the product with minimal expense.
Promos are distributed to expose a new product or release to those who are in a position to market it and entice the general public to purchase it. In very rare cases promotional items are recalled by the distributor. For example a promotional CD and cassette of the 1994 album Under the Pink, by Tori Amos, was recalled because Amos had not approved of the cover artwork. It was sent back with the cover art removed. Copies of the promo sell for hundreds of dollars as opposed to a commercially released copy which sells for ten.[citation needed] There is also an EP by Marilyn Manson, Smells Like Children, which was recalled because the music contained unauthorized spoken word and audio samples from various movies such as Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory. The EP was re-edited and redistributed without the samples, making an original promo copy of the EP extremely rare and valuable.
Because promos are produced in smaller quantity than releases made available to the general public, they are considered valuable collector's items. Contrary to popular belief, it is not illegal to sell promotional recordings. Despite the recording industry's insistence that promos may not be sold, given away, or even discarded, the federal district court ruling in UMG v. Augusto affirms that ownership is transferred to the recipient under the First Sale Doctrine, regardless of any "not for resale" labels. (UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Augusto, No. CV 07-03106, slip op. (C.D. Cal. June 10, 2008).
Contents
1 Promo Single
2 Distribution
2.1 Radio outlets
2.2 Nightclub outlets
2.3 Promotional compilations
2.4 Online promotional distribution
3 See also
//
Promo Single
Label of a promo single. Note the text saying "PROMOTIONAL NOT FOR SALE"
A promo single (short for promotional single) is a single that is made available to nightclubs, radio stations, music publications, and other media outlets by a record label for the express purpose of promoting a new single or an entirely new album. While intended specifically for use by professional disc jockeys and not for resale, they are frequently sought out by music collectors nonetheless.
The promo single is usually recognized by its limited liner notes and cover artwork as well as its unique catalog number (or the occasional lack thereof). Quite often, vinyl records will be issued in a generic cardboard jacket or white paper sleeve while CDs will be issued in a slimline jewel case or cardboard sleeve. There may also be promotion-specific terms stamped on the disc or its cover, most notably "For Promotional Use Only."
The advance promo single is furnished to DJs sometimes weeks or months in advance of a domestic release to give record labels an opportunity to build interest in the single and gauge response to the single. Unlike a finished promo single, these are commonly test pressings or white labels and thus are manufactured in limited runs. Despite the good intention, there has been some dispute within the industry as to if advanced promotion is a good thing or not. Building interest is naturally a good thing, but it may turn out to have the exact reverse effect when interested persons are unable to find a new song in the record stores for quite some time.
Distribution
Radio outlets
Promotional recordings are distributed to commercial AM and FM radio stations for airplay in the form of either CD or digital download. These singles typically feature just the radio edit of the song, but may also include alternate remix edits, the original album version, or even call-out hooks.
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Hungarian wine for Wine Ice Bucket
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Hungarian wine has a history dating back to at least Roman times, and that history reflects the country's position between the Slavs and the Germanic peoples. The best-known wines are the white dessert wine Tokay (Tokaji) and Bull's Blood (Egri Bikav), a full-bodied red wine.
Contents
1 History
2 Wine regions and styles
2.1 zak-Dunt (North-Transdanubia)
2.2 Balaton
2.3 D-Pannia (South-Pannonia)
2.4 Duna (Alf?ld)
2.5 Fels?-Magyarorsz (Upper-Hungary)
2.6 Tokaj
3 Hungarian grape varieties
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
History
A bottle of Tokaji Asz 3 Puttonyos
A bottle of Zweigelt
Only two European languages have words for wine that are not derived from Latin: Greek and Hungarian. Records carved in a Runic alphabet used by ancient Hungarians have words for wine derived from Turkic, suggesting that the Magyars had contact with the first winemakers in the South Caucasus. Examples include:
Sz?l?: "grape"
Bor: "wine"
zok: "cask"
dom: "blessing", "libation"
The Romans brought vines to Pannonia, and by the 5th century AD, there are records of extensive vineyards in Hungary. Following the Magyar invasion of 896, p rewarded his followers with vineyards in Tokaj-Hegyalja. Over the following centuries, new grape varieties were brought in from Italy and France, probably including Furmint and the other grapes of Tokay. Mostly white wine was made like that of their neighbours to the west.
During the invasion of Suleiman the Magnificent in the early 16th century, displaced Serbs brought the red Kadarka grape to Eger. This ancient variety was used to make the robust red wine blend later known as Bull's Blood, after the supposed secret ingredient in the wine that fortified the defenders of Eger in 1552.
It was also during the Turkish occupation that the Tokaj region became known for dessert wines, harvested late to encourage noble rot. Tokaji aszu is mentioned in a document of 1571, and it was famously christened by Louis XIV of France (1638-1715) "Vinum Regum, Rex Vinorum" - Wine of Kings, King of Wines.
After the Ottoman Empire ceded Hungary to the Austrians in 1699, the Germanic influence was felt with the introduction of grape varieties such as Blauer Portugieser. That influence also showed in the start in 1730 of the world's first vineyard classification in Tokaj, based on soil, aspect and propensity to noble rot.
From 1882, the phylloxera epidemic hit Hungary hard, with the traditional field blends of Eger and the many grapes of Tokaj being replaced with monocultures, often of Blaufr?nkisch (Kfrankos) and the Bordeaux varieties in red wine districts, and of Furmint, Muscat and Hslevel? in Tokaj. The twentieth century saw the introduction of modern grapes such as Zweigelt, which were easier to grow and to vinify than Kadarka, and under Communism quality was neglected in favour of overcropping, pasteurisation, and industrial production. Since 1989, there has been renewed interest in the traditional varieties, and a lot of new investment, particularly in Tokaj.
Wine regions and styles
zak-Dunt (North-Transdanubia)
This wine region contains the following sub-regions:z-Neszmy: fresh and aromatic whites.Etyek-Buda: fresh white wines, with considerable acidity.M: volcanic soil, full-bodied whites. Main variety: Ezerj.Pannonhalma: full-bodied whites.Sopron: elegant reds (mainly Kfrankos).
Balaton
Sub-regions:Badacsony: volcanic soils, full-bodied whites with considerable acidity.Balatonfelvid: volcanic soils, full-bodied whites with considerable acidity.Balatonfed-Csopak: terra rossa soils, full-bodied whites with considerable acidity.D-Balaton: full-bodied whites and reds with moderate acidity.Nagy-Soml (or Soml): volcanic soil, full-bodied whites with high acidity. Main varieties are: Olaszrizling, Hslevel? and Furmint.Zala: mainly white wines.The main variety of the region is Olaszrizling.
D-Pannia (South-Pannonia)
Sub-regions:Ps: mainly whites. Traditional variety: CirfandliVilly: robust, full-bodied, spicy reds. Main varieties: Portugieser, Cabernet sauvignon, Cabernet franc, Merlot and occasionally Pinot Noir.Szekszd: full-bodied reds, with a bit of spice. Famous wine: Szekszdi Bikav. Main varieties: Kadarka, Kfrankos, Cabernet franc, MerlotTolna
Duna (Alf?ld)
Sub-regions:Csongr,Haj-Baja,Kuns.Mainly fresh and light wines from lots of varieties.
Fels?-Magyarorsz (Upper-Hungary)
Sub-regions:Eger: fresh whites from Leyka and Kiryleyka, full-bodied whites mainly from Olaszrizling or Chardonnay. Home of the Egri Bikav (bulls blood of Eger), an elegant red blend, mainly based on Kfrankos. Good Pinot noirs.Mra: elegant and full-bodied whites, grown on volcanic soil. Main varieties are Mler-Thurgau, Olaszrizling and Chardonnay.Bkalja: mainly...(and so on)
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Suicide bag for bag making plastic
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A suicide bag, also known as an exit bag, consists of a large, clear plastic bag with a drawstring. It is simple to make at home or can be bought over the internet. It is usually used in conjunction with an inert gas like helium or nitrogen, which makes the method of death difficult to trace if the bag and gas canister are removed before the death is reported.
Contents
1 History
2 Commercial versions
2.1 Hemlock Society
2.2 Exit International
3 DIY versions
4 Suicide tent
5 See also
6 References
//
History
First mentioned in Derek Humphry's book Final Exit in 1991, Humphry described it as a strong, clear plastic bag of dimensions 22inches (560mm) by 36inches (910mm), secured around the neck by "a small strap, which reaches around the neck and can be fastened with Velcro at either end, or strong ribbon, which goes around the neck with Velcro sewn into the ends, or even ties easily into a knot. Large rubber bands or panty hose firmly but not harshly around the neck will do. It does not have to be completely airtight."
By 2007, Canadian press reports indicated that the combination of a bag and inert gas was becoming the most popular method of suicide, but had not led to an increase in suicides.
Commercial versions
Hemlock Society
Over the years, customized "Exit Bags" have been sold. The Hemlock Society promoted the Exit Bag as a necessity: "Data from the Netherlands reveal that in 20% of self-deliverances involving lethal dosages of medications, individuals do not die quickly but linger in a coma for up to four days! This is why how-to guides such as Final Exit and Departing Drugs also recommend the use of plastic bags for self-deliverance."
The Exit Bag was described thus:
Optional neck band for 'turtleneck' fit
Adjustable velcro strip for snug but comfortable fit with sewn-in elastic and flannelette collar
Extra large size to minimize discomforts of overheating and breathing difficulties.
Different models of the Exit Bag were advertised in Hemlock publications. Hemlock newsletter articles promoted the helium and plastic bag method, saying that the gas "disperses easily and is difficult to trace in a corpse." Readers were assured that "a little twitching in the arms and legs" doesn't last long and should be expected.
Exit International
EXIT (Australia), also known as EXIT International, attempted to market a manufactured version of the bag in Australia in 2002. Up until that time, "exit bags" with adjustable collars and Velcro straps were sold on the internet by Canadian right-to-die advocates (The Right to Die Society of Canada) to Australians. Canadians stopped shipping them when the Australian government indicated in 2001 that it planned to review their importation.
DIY versions
A video entitled Doing it with Betty: Making an Exit Bag (also known as Do it yourself with Betty) appeared on the internet in the early 2000s. Produced by EXIT (Australia), it featured "Betty", a retired Australian nurse, explaining in a folksy tone how to make a suicide bag using a simple method that included folding over the edge of a large oven bag, taping down the fold with micropore tape, threading a thin elastic drawstring through the fold via a hole cut into it, and attaching the ends of the drawstring to a flat-topped cord lock.
Suicide tent
In 2000 Dr Philip Nitschke conceived the idea of a low-oxygen tent into which inert gases can be pumped. This would allow two people to die together, a "double exit," he said.
See also
Euthanasia machine
References
^ "The Suicide Bag Granny". findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20051218/ai_n15940231. Retrieved on 2008-12-19.
^ Sch?n CA, Ketterer T (December 2007). "Asphyxial suicide by inhalation of helium inside a plastic bag". Am J Forensic Med Pathol 28 (4): 3647. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e31815b4c69. PMID 18043029.
^ Auwaerter V, Perdekamp MG, Kempf J, Schmidt U, Weinmann W, Pollak S (August 2007). "Toxicological analysis after asphyxial suicide with helium and a plastic bag". Forensic Sci. Int. 170 (23): 13941. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.03.027. PMID 17628370.
^ Ogden RD, Wooten RH (September 2002). "Asphyxial suicide with helium and a plastic bag". Am J Forensic Med Pathol 23 (3): 2347. doi:10.1097/01.PAF.0000022963.33157.9B. PMID 12198347.
^ Humphry, Derek (1991), Final Exit: the Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying, New York: Delta Trade Paperback, ISBN 0385336535
^ "Helium in an 'exit bag' new choice for suicide". www.canada.com. http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=ce4139ae-d635-4030-ac92-a7b7d6fab09d. Retrieved on 2008-12-19.
^ a b c d "Assisted-suicide activism: Patience and plastic bags". findarticles.com....(and so on)
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Xplore M98 for no battery torch
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Animation PC/DMX LED Controller Features: DMX LED Control, Connect up to 128 tubes with each controller, CF (Compat Flash memory card slot) Designs: Animation, text, 3D logos, patterns and video can be created by our software especially designed for the controller. (We can customize any effect, logo and program for customer needs) Control: DMX-512 Channel: 4 Connection: 4-Pin (tube connection), DMX I/O Power Consumption: 1.5 watts Input Voltage: 86 - 240VAC, 50/60Hz Output Voltage: +12VDC Dimension: 220x120x50mm Weight: 5 Kg More Product Features ?
The Xplore M98 is a Palm OS-powered clamshell smartphone created by Group Sense PDA.
As of July 2008, it was still available for sale in Hong Kong from retailers, including Citicall.
Specifications
Feature
Specification
Form factor
Clamshell
Weight
109 grams (including battery?)
Dimensions
95.5 mm x 46.8 mm x 25.5 mm (L x W x T)
Talk time
2 hours (subject to local network service and usage conditions)
Standby time
100 hours (subject to local network service and usage conditions)
Battery
Li-POLYMER 3.7V B092 830mAh
Operating System
Palm OS 5.4 Garnet
GSM frequencies
GSM 900/1800/1900 MHz
GPRS
Yes, GPRS class 10
WLAN/WiFi
No
Screen Resolution
176 x 220 pixels (internal), 96 x 96 pixels (external display)
Flash Light / Torch
Yes
Camera
1.3 megapixel, digital zoom and multi-shot functionality
Video recording
Yes
Voice recording
Yes
Multimedia Messaging
Yes
Video calls
No
Built-in memory
Yes, 32 MB RAM, 64 MB flash ROM
Memory card slot
Yes, TransFlash
Hot Swappable Memory card slot
No, battery must be removed first
Bluetooth
No
Infrared
Yes
Data cable support
Yes
Browser
WAP 2.0 XHTML / HTML.
E-mail
Yes
Music player
Yes, MP3 playback support
Stereo Speakers
No
Ringtones
Yes, Polyphonic, MIDI, MP3 formats
Vibrate
Yes
Handsfree Speaker
Yes
Offline/Flight mode
Yes
Synchronization
PC: Palm OS HotSync
See also
Brighthand Photo Tour - GSPDA Xplore M28, M68 and M98
GSL Xplore M98 product info page - see photos and specifications here
Review by the Inquirer
Categories: Smartphones | Group Sense PDA mobile phones(and so on)
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Donk! for Inflatable Toys Water
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For other uses of donk, see Donk.
Donk! Samurai Duck
Developer(s)
Supervision Entertainment Ltd.
Publisher(s)
Supervision Entertainment Ltd.The Hidden
Designer(s)
Craig Howard
Platform(s)
Amiga, Amiga CD32
Release date(s)
1994
Genre(s)
Platform game
Mode(s)
Single player, simultaneous
Media
Floppy disk (Amiga), CD-ROM (Amiga CD32)
Input methods
Controller, keyboard
Donk! Samurai Duck! is a video game featuring a duck named Donk, who was raised by samurai warriors. To prove himself he has set off to collect crystals from 112 levels of earth. Once you collect the target quota of gems, you must escape from each level through one of its many exits, giving the game a similar structure to Alien Breed: Tower Assault. Magical powers can be collected along the way, including the ability to turn into an inflatable toy duck, which makes it possible to float across water. There is a simultaneous split-screen 2-player mode included as well.
Trivia
Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (December 2007)
The game was originally going to be released with the title Dong, as the British developers did not want to offend as the word can mean "penis" in English speaking countries. The name was changed at the last moment to Donk. Some demo versions distributed on Amiga coverdisks still bore the name Dong.[citation needed]
Enhanced Remake
Donk! Samurai Duck
Developer(s)
Cryptic Allusion
Publisher(s)
The GOAT Store
Designer(s)
Dan Potter
Platform(s)
Dreamcast
Release date(s)
TBA
Genre(s)
Platform game
Mode(s)
Single player, simultaneous
Media
CD-ROM
Input methods
Controller
Cryptic Allusion and The GOAT Store are working with the original creators of Donk! to update the game for the Sega Dreamcast. The game will display at 640x480 resolution, so the artwork is going to be revamped, and Cryptic Allusion's Roddy Toomim is supplying some new music for the soundtrack.
Categories: 1994 video games | Amiga games | CD32 games | Unofficial Dreamcast games
Hidden categories: Cleanup from December 2007 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles lacking sources from February 2007 | All articles lacking sources | Articles with trivia sections from December 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements since January 2008(and so on)
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Impact driver for impact socket sets
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An impact driver is a tool that delivers a strong, sudden rotational and downward force. In conjunction with toughened screwdriver bits and socket sets, they are often used by mechanics to loosen larger screws (bolts) and nuts that are corrosively "frozen" or over-torqued. The direction can also be reversed for situations where screws have to be tightened with torque greater than what a screwdriver can reasonably provide.
A manual impact driver with screwdriver bits and adapters
Manual impact drivers consist of a heavy outer sleeve that surrounds an inner core that is splined to it. The spline is curved so that when the user strikes the outer sleeve with a hammer, its downward force works on the spline to produce turning force on the core and any socket or work bit attached to it. The tool translates the heavy rotational inertia of the sleeve to the lighter core to generate large amounts of torque. At the same time, the striking blow from the hammer forces the impact driver down into the screw reducing or eliminating cam out. This attribute is most beneficial for Philips screws which normally cam out as part of their design. It is less beneficial for flat head, aka. common, screws and not beneficial at all for most other types.
Cordless motorized impact driver, battery, charger, and some bits
Another type of impact driver uses a motor to automatically deliver the downward and rotational forces. These have the advantage of greatly increased speed. They are most often used in construction and manufacturing to replace screwdrivers where speed and operator fatigue are an issue. In some situations however, this type falls short since current designs cannot deliver the heavy downward blow of a manual unit. This can be especially true on very stubborn fasteners.
These are not to be confused with the impact wrench, which is a motorized tool (usually powered by compressed air), with a similar name and function. These also use a hammering action to apply torque to fasteners. The difference is that these do not provide the positive engagement that impact drivers offer as mentioned above. This is desirable though on hex head fasteners and others where the downward seating action is unnecessary and potentially damaging. To add to the confusion, they look identical to motorized impact drivers.
Buyers must also be aware that some tools improperly advertised as impact drivers are actually just impact wrenches. The only way to verify that a motorized impact driver is truly what it claims to be (without taking it apart) is to try it before purchasing.
Categories: Mechanical hand tools(and so on)
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Tube drawing for Pipe Tubing Bender
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Tube drawing is a metalworking process to size tube by shrinking a large diameter tube into a smaller one, by drawing the tube through a die. This process produces high quality tubing with precise dimensions, good surface finish, and the added strength of cold working. Because it is so versatile, tube drawing is suitable for both large and small scale production..
There are five types of tube drawing: tube sinking, mandrel drawing, stationary mandrel, moving mandrel, and floating mandrel. A mandrel is used in many of the types to prevent buckling or wrinkling in the workpiece.
Contents
1 Processes
1.1 Tube sinking
1.2 Rod drawing
1.3 Fixed plug drawing
1.4 Floating plug drawing
1.5 Tethered plug drawing
2 See also
3 References
3.1 Notes
3.2 Bibliography
//
Processes
Tube sinking
Tube sinking, also known as free tube drawing, reduces the diameter of the tube without a mandrel inside the tube. The inner diameter (ID) is determined by the inner and outer diameter of the stock tube, the outer diameter of the final product, the length of the die landing, the amount of back tension, and the friction between the tube and the die. This type of drawing operation is the most economical, especially on thick-walled tubes and tubes smaller than 12mm (0.47in) in diameter, but does not give the best surface finish. As the tube thickness increases the surface finish quality decreases. This process is often used for the tubing on low cost lawn furniture.
Rod drawing
Rod drawing is the process that draws the tube with a mandrel inside the tube; the mandrel is drawn with the tube. The advantage to this process is that the mandrel defines the ID and the surface finish and has a quick setup time for short runs. The disadvantages are that lengths are limited by the length of the mandrel, usually no more than 100feet (30m), and that a second operation is required to remove the mandrel, called reeling. This type of process is usually used on heavy walled or small ID tubes. Common applications include super-high pressure tubing and hydraulic tubing (with the addition of a finishing tube sinking operation). This process is also use for precision manufacturing of trombone handslides (see, for example, [video of the process of making Getzen trombones.
Fixed plug drawing
Fixed plug drawing, also known as stationary mandrel drawing, uses a mandrel at the end of the die to shape the ID of the tube. This process is slow and the area reductions are limited, but it gives the best inner surface finish of any of the processes. This is the oldest tube drawing method.
Floating plug drawing
Floating plug drawing, also known as floating mandrel drawing, uses a mandrel that is not anchored whatsoever to shape the ID of the tube. The mandrel is held in by the friction forces between the mandrel and the tube. This axial force is given by friction and pressure. This greatest advantage of this that it can be used on extremely long lengths, sometimes up to 1,000feet (300m). The disadvantage is it requires a precise design otherwise it will give inadequate results. This process is often used for oil-well tubing.
Tethered plug drawing
Tethered plug drawing, also known as semi-floating mandrel drawing, is a mix between floating plug drawing and fixed plug drawing. The mandrel is allowed to float, but it still anchored via a tether. This process gives similar results to the floating plug process, except that it is designed for straight tubes. It gives a better inner surface finish than rod drawing.
See also
Pipe and tube bender
Wire drawing
References
Notes
^ a b Degarmo, p. 433.
^ Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K.; Alting, Leo (1994), Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide (1st ed.), Industrial Press Inc., ISBN 0-8311-3049-0.
^ a b c Tube Making, http://www.metalforming-inc.com/Consulting/Tube_Making/tube_making.shtml, retrieved on 2008-10-28.
^ a b c d e Shaheen, Laurence (March 13, 2007), Tube drawing principles: Understanding processes, parameters key to quality, http://www.thefabricator.com/TubePipeProduction/TubePipeProduction_Article.cfm?ID=1583, retrieved on 2008-10-28.
Bibliography
Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
Categories: Metal forming | Tubing(and so on)
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Sewing needle for Chenille Upholstery Fabric
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Needles used for sewing
A sewing needle is a long slender tool with a pointed tip. The first needles were made of bone or wood; modern ones are manufactured from high carbon steel wire, nickel- or gold plated for corrosion resistance. The highest quality embroidery needles are made of platinum. Traditionally, needles have been kept in needle books or needle cases which have become an object of adornment.
A needle for hand sewing has a hole, called the eye, at the non-pointed end to carry thread or cord through the fabric after the pointed end pierces it. Hand sewing needles have different names depending on their purpose.
Needle size is denoted by a number on the packet. The convention for sizing is that the length and thickness of a needle increases as the size number decreases. For example, a size 1 needle will be thicker and longer, while a size 10 will be shorter and finer.
Contents
1 Types of hand sewing needles
2 Special purpose needles
3 Needles in archaeology
4 See also
//
Types of hand sewing needles
Eye of a No.5 sharp
These come in 10 sizes, ranging from No.1: very heavy to No.10: very fine.
Sharps are needles used for general sewing. They have a sharp point, a round eye and are of medium length. The difference between sharps and other sewing needles can mainly be seen in their length.
Embroidery needles, also known as Crewel needles, are identical to sharps but have a longer eye to enable easier threading of multiple embroidery threads and thicker yarns.
Betweens or Quilting needles are shorter, with a small rounded eye and are usually used for making fine stitches on heavy fabrics such as in tailoring, quilt making and other detailed handwork.
Milliners' needles are longer than sharps, are useful for basting and pleating, and are used in millinery work.
Easy- or Self-threading needles, also called Calyx-eyed Sharps, have a slot for the thread, rather than an eye.
Special purpose needles
These needles come in various sizes so numbering will differ from the needles described above.
Ballpoints have a rounded point and are used for knitted fabrics. Sizes 5-10.
Beading needles are very fine, with a narrow eye to enable it to fit through the centre of beads and sequins. They are usually long so that a number of beads can be threaded at a time. Sizes 10-15.
Bodkin. This is a long, thick needle with a ballpoint end and a large, elongated eye. They can be flat or round and are generally used for threading elastic, ribbon or tape through casings and lace openings.
Chenille needles are similar to tapestry needles, but with large, long eyes and a very sharp point to penetrate close weave fabrics. Useful for ribbon embroidery. Sizes 13-26.
Darning needles have a blunt tip and large eye, similar to tapestry needles, but are longer, with a yarn darners being the heaviest with very large eyes to thread yarn. Various types, with sizes ranging from 1-18.
Doll needles are long and thin and are used for soft sculpturing on dolls, particularly facial details. Size 2.5"-7" long.
Leather needles, also known as Glovers needles, have a triangular point for piercing the leather without tearing it. Used on leather, suede, vinyl and plastic. Sizes 3/0-10.
Sailmaker needles are similar to leather needles, but the triangular point extends further up the shaft. Used for sewing thick canvas or heavy leather.
Tapestry needles have a large eye and a blunt tip. They are used for working on embroidery canvas, even-weave material and other loosely woven fabrics. The blunt tip allow the needle to pass through the fabric without damaging it. Double ended tapestry needles, with the hole in the middle, are also available for the convenience of embroiderers who work with fabric mounted in a frame. Sizes from 13 (heaviest) to 28 (finest).
Tatting needles are long and are the same thickness for their entire length, including at the eye, to enable thread to be pulled through the double stitches used in tatting. Tatting needles should not be confused with tattoo needles and would be very ineffective at the task.
Upholstery needles are heavy, long needles that can be straight or curved. Used for sewing heavy fabrics, upholstery work, tufting and for tying quilts. Curved needles are used for difficult situations where a straight needle is not practical and are also used in fabric box-making. Heavy duty 12" needles are used for repairing mattresses. Straight sizes: 3"-12" long, curved: 1.5"-6" long.
Needles in archaeology
A variety of archaeological finds illustrate sewing has been present for thousands of years. The Romans left elaborate traces of their sewing technology, especially thimbles and needles. Even earlier Stone Age finds, such as the excavations on the island of ?land at Alby, Sweden, reveal...(and so on)
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Korg Triton Classic
Korg Triton is a music workstation synthesizer featuring digital sampling and sequencing created by Korg. All Tritons use Korg's HI Synthesis tone generator. They are available in several models and various upgrade configurations. The Triton is world famous among many musicians for being the benchmark of keyboard technology, and is widely featured in music videos and live concerts. In the NAMM Show 2007, Korg announced the Triton successor: the Korg M3.
Contents
1 History
2 Models
2.1 Classic
2.2 Rack
2.3 Karma
2.4 Le
2.5 Extreme
2.6 TR
2.7 X50 and MicroX
3 Features
4 Specifications
5 Notable users
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
//
History
The Korg Triton line may be seen as the direct descendants of the previous Korg Trinity line of workstations. They are aesthetically and functionally very similar. The Trinity had similar naming conventions with the Triton Classic, with Pro and Pro X being designated to models featuring 76 and 88 keys respectively.
The original Triton introduced many improvements over the Trinity, like 62-note polyphony, arpeggiator, onboard sampler, faster operating system and more realtime controllers. However, to much surprise of musicians and magazines, it lost the sequencer audio tracks, digital input and output, and the digital filter section was downgraded, thus limiting sample-based synthesis. The original piano samples, which are a crucial element of evaluation on expensive synths and music workstations, were even more criticized; although the integrated sample RAM could compensate this. As time passed, some of these shortcomings were fixed, like the digital connectivity, and better piano samples were shipped with newer models; however, the sample-based synthesis filter section wasn't improved and, while some limited 2-track audio recording was added to later revisions of the Triton Studio, the powerful 4-track audio sequencer of the Trinity never returned to the saga.
Ex-Dream Theater keyboardist Derek Sherinian in collaboration with KORG sound designer Jack Hotop created Sherinian's signature guitar lead sound on the KORG Trinity in 1996, and expanded it to the Triton in 2000.
Models
Classic
All Tritons are based on the so-called "Classic" Triton released in 1999. The "Classic" Triton was named "Pro" when configured with 76 keys and "Pro X" with 88 keys. Otherwise its functions and features were the same. The Triton Studio had built-in S/PDIF input and output. It could be fitted with an optional hard drive, CD-R/W drive and a "Digital Interface" board providing ADAT output and Word Clock.
Rack
Korg Triton rack
The Triton Rack was the rackmount version of the Triton. As musicians would use it as a sound module rather than a complete workstation, requiring a separate keyboard to control it via MIDI, it was designed with different abilities. Although it has no keyboard, it has the advantage of being able to store up to eight EXB boards containing additional sounds, and features a built-in S/PDIF digital output. It also supports the "Digital Interface" board.
Karma
The Korg KARMA was released in 2001 with the Triton synthesis technology but without the sampling functionality. It instead included the more specialised KARMA music system. It was only available in a 61-key version.
Le
The Triton Le was a stripped-down, streamlined version of the original Triton released in 2000. It replaced the huge touchscreen by a more conventional, smaller, graphic LCD. The ribbon controller was also lost in the transition, along with the disk drive. A Smartmedia slot was offered instead. The most serious changes were the keybed (lighter and cheaper than the used in the Trinity/Triton range) and the effects section. Taking a step back from the powerful effects sections found on the Trinity/Triton series, the Le's section was downgraded from five insert FX to just one. The MOSS, Z1-based board, can't be fitted on the Le. The sequencer and arpeggiator remained as powerful as on the original Triton, though.
Korg Triton "Le"
At a much lower price than the original Tritons, the Le was nevertheless a commercial success. An interesting fact about the Le is the onboard sample RAM: it can load samples from the Smartmedia slot, without the sampling board fitted.
A special edition of Le was released featuring a black body, and later the TR was released, but both are not the same.
3 versions of "Le" are available:Triton Le 61 - 61 keysTriton Le 76 - 76 keysTriton Le 88 - 88 keys (RH2 Real Weighted Hammer Action)
Extreme
In 2005 Korg released the Triton Extreme, which boasted many of the features of the Studio (such as the entire PCM ROM from the Studio model) plus the addition of many previous Triton...(and so on)
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Sandal (footwear) for footwear t shirts
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This machine was developed on the basis of our current market research, which is a test product specially designed for the small-scale pharmaceutical factory, department of pharmaceutical of hospital and research institute of pharmaceutical factory. Features Adopts a cycloid pin gear device for the main driving unit, which has long life and smooth running. A coordinated process for shaping, feeding, heat, which has long life and smooth running. With the advantages such as accurate synchronization, clear cross-hatching, adjustable stroke and easy mould replacement. Application It is suitable for the combined sealing packing for capsules, table and food, chemical industrial products and electronic components etc. ItemDPT-65 Produce ability20~50thousand tablets/h Punching frequency30times/min Standard edition57X80mm Power220V, 50Hz, 2.6kw PVC 0.2~0.25X65~70(width) mm Aluminum foil of PTP0.02X65~70(width) mm Overall dimension880¡Á480¡Á980mm Weight180kg<b
Yoga sandals
Sandals are an open type of footwear, consisting of a sole held to the wearer's foot by straps or thongs passing over the instep and around the ankle. While the distinction between sandals and other types of footwear can sometimes be blurry (as in the case of huaracheshe woven leather footwear seen in Mexico), the common understanding is that a sandal leave most or all of the foot exposed. People may choose to wear sandals for several reasons, among them economy (sandals tend to require less material than shoes), comfort in warm weather, and as a fashion choice.
Usually, sandals are worn in warmer climates or during warmer parts of the year, because feet stay cool and dry. The chances of developing athlete's foot is lower than with enclosed shoes, and wearing sandals may be part of the treatment for such an infection.
Contents
1 History
2 Construction
3 Variants
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
//
History
Esparto sandals from the 6th or 5th millennium BC found in Spain.
The oldest known sandals (indeed, the oldest known footwear) were discovered in Fort Rock Cave in the U.S. state of Oregon; radiocarbon dating of the sagebrush bark from which they were woven indicates an age of at least 10,000 years.
The ancient Greeks distinguished between baxeae (sing. baxa), a sandal made of willow leaves, twigs, or fibres worn by comic actors and philosophers; and the cothurnus, a boot sandal that rose above the middle of the leg, worn principally by tragic actors, horsemen, hunters, and by men of rank and authority. The sole of the latter was sometimes made much thicker than usual by the insertion of slices of cork, so as to add to the stature of the wearer.
The ancient Egyptians wore sandals made of palm-leaves and papyrus. They are sometimes observable on the feet of Egyptian statues. According to Herodotus, sandals of papyrus were a part of the required and characteristic dress of the Egyptian priests.
Construction
A sandal may have a sole made from rubber, leather, wood, tatami or rope. It may be held to the foot by a narrow thong that generally passes passing between the first and second toe, or by a strap or lace, variously called a latchet, sabot strap or sandal, that passes over the arch of the foot or around the ankle. A sandal may or may not have a heel (either low or high) and/or heel strap.
Variants
Walking in sandals
Among the many kinds of sandals are:
Caligae, a heavy-soled Roman military shoe or sandal worn by all ranks up to and including centurion
Clog, a heavy sandal, having a thick, typically wooden sole
geta, a traditional Japanese form of elevated thong
Patten, a type of oversized clog often with a wooden sole or metal device to elevate the foot and increase the wearer's height or aid in walking in mud
Espadrilles, flat, usually having a fabric upper and a flexible sole, often of rope
flip-flop or thong, a rubber-soled sandal loosely fastened to the foot by means of a thong between the toes
Grecian sandal, a sole attached to the foot by interlaced straps crossing the toes and instep, and fastening around the ankle
Roman sandal, a sandal held to the foot by a vamp composed of a series of equally-spaced buckled straps
Saltwater sandals, a flat sandal developed in the 1940s as a way of coping with wartime leather shortages, primarily worn by children
z?ri, a flat and thonged Japanese sandal, usually made of straw, cloth, leather, or rubber
Jipsin, a traditional Korean sandals made of straw
Barefoot sandals are somewhat of a mis-nomer, referring to straps or jewelry such as anklets and toe rings that have no sole; barefoot sandals originated in South Asia and are popularly worn at religious festivites and events primarily for decoration rather than protection[citation needed]
Soft Foam Sandals, invented in 1973, made from closed cell soft foam and uses surgical tubing for the straps. Sold primarily along the Texas Gulf Coast in beach side gift shops.
See also
Birkenstock
Mules
Notes
^ Robbins, William G. (2005). Oregon: This Storied Land. Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0987595-286-0.
^ Serv. in Virg. Ed. II. cc. (cited by Yates)
^ Wilkinson, Manners and Customs vol. iii. p. 336. (cited by Yates)
^ http://www.google.com/search?num=100&hl=en&rls=RNWE%2CRNWE%3A2005-14%2CRNWE%3Aen&q=soft+foam+sandals
References
v?d?eFootwear
Men's dress shoes
Brogues Derbies Loafers Court shoes Monks Oxfords Venetian style shoes Winklepickers
Women's dress shoes
Ballet flats Court shoes (Pumps) Loafers Slingbacks Mules Mary Janes Mojari Saddle shoes Venetian style shoes Winklepickers
Other shoes
Flip-flop Galoshes Geta...(and so on)
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Jiffy Pop for Hot Air Popcorn
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Jiffy Pop Popcorn
Jiffy Pop is popcorn and brand of ConAgra Foods. The product combines unpopped popcorn kernels and oil with an aluminum pan and folded aluminum foil lid. As the pan is heated, the popping corn causes the foil to unfold and puff up.
Fred Mennen of LaPorte, Indiana is credited with developing the product in 1958. It was based on a similar product designed five years before by Benjamin Coleman of Detroit, and marketed by the Taylor-Reed CorporationTaylor-Reed Corporation as E-Z Pop. Mennen began marketing Jiffy Pop in 1959, and within one year it had reached the national U.S. market.
In the early 1960s Taylor-Reed sued Mennen Food Products for patent infringement. The district court ruled for the plaintiff, finding Jiffy Pop and E-Z equivalent products, but the case was overturned on appeal.
Contents
1 Cultural References
2 References
3 Further reading
4 External links
5 See also
//
Cultural References
In the episode of Family Guy "No Chris Left Behind", Stewie teaches Cleveland how to make Jiffy Pop popcorn.
In Spongebob Squarepants, Spongebob can be seen making Jiffy Pop over his stove by his snail, Gary.
In Futurama, Fry can be seen with "Iffy Pop"
The product is often mentioned in books on convenience foods or pop culture items associated with the 1950s or 1960s.
The animated television show The Simpsons has satirized the Jiffy Pop brand with its version, Chintzy Pop. Chintzy Pop is known for being a very bad brand, as, according to Apu, "a third of the kernels are baby teeth."
The sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live featured a fake ad for the "Jiffy Pop Air Bag," an automobile airbag powered by mixing kernels with hot engine oil to produce a popcorn-filled safety cushion that doubles as a snack.
In the 1996 Horror film Scream, a girl who is later murdered in the film (Drew Barrymore) makes Jiffy Pop in the opening sequence.
In the 2000 film Scary Movie, a girl who is later murdered in the film (Carmen Electra) makes Jiffy Pop in the opening sequence.
In the 2005 film Fantastic Four, Johnny Storm is seen using his powers of heat to make Jiffy Pop in his hand.
In the 2005 film Chicken Little, Chicken Little's father can be seen making Jiffy Pop.
In the 2008 Film Hancock the Jiffy pop can be seen and later popped by Hancock.
References
^ Popped Culture: A Social History of Popcorn in America, by Andrew F. Smith, 1999.
^ http://www.conagrafoods.com/consumer/brands/getBrand.do?page=jiffy_pop ConAgra Jiffy Pop: Fact Sheet
^ The TAYLOR-REED CORPORATION v.MENNEN FOOD PRODUCTS, INC., American Home Products Corporation, and Frederick C. Mennen
Further reading
Andrew F. Smith (1999). Popped Culture: A Social History of Popcorn in America. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-300-5.
Adeena Sussman (2006). Just Heat It and Eat It!: Convenience Foods of the '40s-'60s. Collectors Press. ISBN 1-933112-19-0.
Carolyn Wyman (2004). Better Than Homemade: Amazing Food That Changed the Way We Eat. Quirk Books. ISBN 1-931686-42-4.
External links
Official website of Jiffy Pop
Video of Jiffy Pop popping
See also
Popcorn
Orville Redenbacher's
??This brand-name food or drink product article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Categories: Popcorn brands | ConAgra Foods brands | 1960s fads | 1958 introductions | Brand name food products stubs(and so on)
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HTnaturals Apparel Corp.
Type
Private
Genre
Corporate histories
Founded
Vancouver, British Columbia Canada (1998)
Founder(s)
Jason Finnis
Headquarters
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Area served
North America
Key people
Jason Finnis (Founder)Larisa Harrison (Founder)
Industry
Apparel
Products
Eco-Friendly Clothing
Services
Wholesale, Retail, Private Label
Parent
Naturally Advanced Technologies
Website
HTnaturals.com
HTnaturals is a Canadian clothing and accessories company based in Vancouver, BC. The company focuses mainly on wholesale sales to third party retailers but also operates a factory outlet in Vancouver and an online store. Founded in 1998, HTnaturals has grown from a fledgling home-based business to a thriving leader in the natural and organic clothing industry.
Contents
1 History
2 Products
3 Sustainability
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
History
Jason Finnis and Larisa Harrison, founders of HTnaturals, began working in the hemp industry after meeting at the University of Victoria in 1994. They started by selling hempen goods such as paper and clothing at folk festivals and other events. Later deciding to concentrate purely on apparel, they opened Hemptown Clothing Inc. in 1998 after the production of industrial hemp was re-legalized in Canada a legislative measure for which Mr. Finnis had been publicly supporting throughout his career. In 2006, the company changed its brand name to HTnaturals to reflect the incorporation of other natural materials, such as bamboo and soy, into its products. In 2007, HTnaturals provided all of the garments for Starbucks y Starbucks t-shirt program.
Products
HTnaturals products include clothing and accessories for men and women manufactured using materials such as hemp, bamboo, organic cotton, and soy.
Sustainability
HTnaturals claims to be a triple-bottom-line company in that it aims to reduce the environmental, social, and monetary costs of its operations.
See also
Naturally Advanced Technologies Inc.
References
^ Briarpatch Magazine October 2004
^ Corporate Timeline
External links
HTnaturals Website
Naturally Advanced Website
My Starbucks Page
Categories: Companies based in Vancouver | Clothing brands | Sustainability organisations(and so on)
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Proteinuria for urine reagent strips
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Proteinuria
ICD-10
R80.
ICD-9
791.0
DiseasesDB
25320
eMedicine
med/94
MeSH
D011507
Proteinuria (/pr??ti?'n(j)??ri?/, from protein and urine) means the presence of an excess of serum proteins in the urine. The protein in the urine often causes the urine to become foamy, although foamy urine may also be caused by bilirubin in the urine (bilirubinuria), retrograde ejaculation, pneumaturia (air bubbles in the urine) due to a fistula, or drugs such as pyridium.
Contents
1 Measurement
2 Associated conditions
2.1 Conditions with proteinuria as a sign
2.2 Conditions with proteinuria consisting mainly of Bence-Jones proteins as a sign
3 See also
4 Footnotes
//
Measurement
Proteinuria is often diagnosed by a simple dipstick test although it is possible for the test to give a false negative even with nephrotic range proteinuria if the urine is dilute. False negatives may also occur if the protein in the urine is composed mainly globulins or Bence-Jones Proteins because the reagent on the test strips, Bromphenol blue, is highly specific for albumin. Traditionally dipstick protein tests would be quantified by measuring the total quantity of protein in a 24-hour urine collection test, and abnormal globulins by specific requests for Protein electrophoresis.
Alternatively the concentration of protein in the urine may be compared to the creatinine level in a spot urine sample. This is termed Protein/Creatinine Ratio (PCR). The 2005 UK Chronic Kidney Disease guidelines states that PCR is a better test than 24 hour urinary protein measurement. Proteinuria is defined as a Protein:creatinine ratio >45 mg/mmol (which is equivalent to Albumin:creatinine ratio of >30 mg/mmol) with very high levels of nephrotic syndrome being for PCR > 100 mg/mmol.
Associated conditions
Proteinuria may be a sign of renal (kidney) damage. Since serum proteins are readily reabsorbed from urine, the presence of excess protein indicates either an insufficiency of absorption or impaired filtration. Diabetics may suffer from damaged nephrons and develop proteinuria. The most common cause of proteinuria is diabetes and in any person with proteinuria and diabetes the etiology of the underlying proteinuria should be separated into two categories: diabetic proteinuria versus the field.
With severe proteinuria, general hypoproteinemia can develop which results in diminished oncotic pressure. Symptoms of diminished oncotic pressure may include ascites, edema, and hydrothorax.
Conditions with proteinuria as a sign
Proteinuria may be a feature of the following conditions:
Nephrotic syndromes (i.e. intrinsic renal failure)
Pre-eclampsia
Eclampsia
Toxic lesions of kidneys
Collagen vascular diseases (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus)
Dehydration
Glomerular diseases, such as membranous glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulonephritis, minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis)
Strenuous exercise
Stress
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Benign orthostatic (postural) proteinuria
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)
IgA nephropathy (i.e. Berger's disease)
IgM nephropathy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Minimal change disease
Sarcoidosis
Alport's syndrome
Diabetes mellitus
Drugs (e.g. NSAIDs, nicotine, penicillamine, gold and other heavy metals, ACE inhibitors, antibiotics, opiates especially heroin)
Fabry's disease
Infections (e.g. HIV, syphilis, hepatitis, post-streptococcal infection)
Aminoaciduria
Fanconi syndrome
Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
Interstitial nephritis
Sickle cell disease
Hemoglobinuria
Multiple myeloma
Myoglobinuria
Organ rejection: Kidney transplant patients may have gamma-globulins in their urine if the kidneys start to reject.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
Nail Patella Syndrome
Familial Mediterranean fever
HELLP Syndrome
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Conditions with proteinuria consisting mainly of Bence-Jones proteins as a sign
Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Amyloidosis
Malignancies (e.g., lymphoma, other cancers)
Multiple myeloma
See also
Albuminuria
Microalbuminuria
List of terms associated with diabetes
Footnotes
^ a b c http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/urine.htm Retrieved 2007-01-20
^ http://www.medhelp.org/forums/urology/archive/195.html Retrieved 2007-01-20
^ Pneumaturia at GPnotebook Retrieved 2007-01-20...(and so on)
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